Question

使用gmail和python发送电子邮件的推荐方法是什么？

有很多SO线程，但大多数都是旧的，而且还有用户名和smtp。密码不再起作用或用户必须降级其Gmail的安全性（例如，请参阅here）。

OAuth是推荐的方式吗？

Answer 1

答案显示了如何使用gmail API和python发送电子邮件。还更新了发送带附件的电子邮件的答案。

Gmail API＆amp; OAuth - ＆gt;无需在脚本中保存用户名和密码。

脚本第一次打开浏览器来授权脚本并在本地存储凭据（它不会存储用户名和密码）。后续运行不需要浏览器，可以直接发送电子邮件。

使用此方法，您将不会获取下面的SMTPException等错误，并且无需为不太安全的应用程序允许访问：

raise SMTPException("SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.")  
smtplib.SMTPException: SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.

以下是使用gmail API发送电子邮件的步骤：

（向导链接here，更多信息here）

第2步：安装Google客户端库

pip install --upgrade google-api-python-client

第3步：使用以下脚本发送电子邮件（只需更改main函数中的变量）

import httplib2
import os
import oauth2client
from oauth2client import client, tools
import base64
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from apiclient import errors, discovery
import mimetypes
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase

SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send'
CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_secret.json'
APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email'

def get_credentials():
    home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
    credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials')
    if not os.path.exists(credential_dir):
        os.makedirs(credential_dir)
    credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir,
                                   'gmail-python-email-send.json')
    store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path)
    credentials = store.get()
    if not credentials or credentials.invalid:
        flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES)
        flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME
        credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store)
        print('Storing credentials to ' + credential_path)
    return credentials

def SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile=None):
    credentials = get_credentials()
    http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())
    service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http)
    if attachmentFile:
        message1 = createMessageWithAttachment(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile)
    else: 
        message1 = CreateMessageHtml(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain)
    result = SendMessageInternal(service, "me", message1)
    return result

def SendMessageInternal(service, user_id, message):
    try:
        message = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message).execute())
        print('Message Id: %s' % message['id'])
        return message
    except errors.HttpError as error:
        print('An error occurred: %s' % error)
        return "Error"
    return "OK"

def CreateMessageHtml(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain):
    msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
    msg['Subject'] = subject
    msg['From'] = sender
    msg['To'] = to
    msg.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain'))
    msg.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html'))
    return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_string())}

def createMessageWithAttachment(
    sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile):
    """Create a message for an email.

    Args:
      sender: Email address of the sender.
      to: Email address of the receiver.
      subject: The subject of the email message.
      msgHtml: Html message to be sent
      msgPlain: Alternative plain text message for older email clients          
      attachmentFile: The path to the file to be attached.

    Returns:
      An object containing a base64url encoded email object.
    """
    message = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
    message['to'] = to
    message['from'] = sender
    message['subject'] = subject

    messageA = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
    messageR = MIMEMultipart('related')

    messageR.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html'))
    messageA.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain'))
    messageA.attach(messageR)

    message.attach(messageA)

    print("create_message_with_attachment: file: %s" % attachmentFile)
    content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(attachmentFile)

    if content_type is None or encoding is not None:
        content_type = 'application/octet-stream'
    main_type, sub_type = content_type.split('/', 1)
    if main_type == 'text':
        fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
        msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        fp.close()
    elif main_type == 'image':
        fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
        msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        fp.close()
    elif main_type == 'audio':
        fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
        msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        fp.close()
    else:
        fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
        msg = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type)
        msg.set_payload(fp.read())
        fp.close()
    filename = os.path.basename(attachmentFile)
    msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
    message.attach(msg)

    return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}


def main():
    to = "to@address.com"
    sender = "from@address.com"
    subject = "subject"
    msgHtml = "Hi<br/>Html Email"
    msgPlain = "Hi\nPlain Email"
    SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain)
    # Send message with attachment: 
    SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, '/path/to/file.pdf')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

提示在linux上运行此代码，没有浏览器：
如果您的Linux环境没有浏览器来完成第一次授权过程，您可以在笔记本电脑（mac或Windows）上运行一次代码，然后将凭据复制到目标Linux机器。凭证通常存储在以下目的地：

~/.credentials/gmail-python-email-send.json

Answer 2

我修改了以下内容以使用Python3，灵感来自Python Gmail API 'not JSON serializable'

Date    id  impressions
1-Jan   1   10
1-Jan   2   20
1-Jan   3   30
1-Jan   1   15
1-Jan   2   25
1-Jan   3   35
2-Jan   1   50
2-Jan   2   60
2-Jan   3   70
2-Jan   1   55
2-Jan   2   65
2-Jan   3   75

Answer 3

这是发送没有（或附带）附件的电子邮件所需的Python 3.6代码（和解释）。

（要使用附件发送，只需取消注释## without attachment下面的两行，并在## with attachment下方注释2行

所有信用（和投票）到apadana

import httplib2
import os
import oauth2client
from oauth2client import client, tools
import base64
from email import encoders

#needed for attachment
import smtplib  
import mimetypes
from email import encoders
from email.message import Message
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication
#List of all mimetype per extension: http://help.dottoro.com/lapuadlp.php  or http://mime.ritey.com/

from apiclient import errors, discovery  #needed for gmail service




## About credentials
# There are 2 types of "credentials": 
#     the one created and downloaded from https://console.developers.google.com/apis/ (let's call it the client_id) 
#     the one that will be created from the downloaded client_id (let's call it credentials, it will be store in C:\Users\user\.credentials)


        #Getting the CLIENT_ID 
            # 1) enable the api you need on https://console.developers.google.com/apis/
            # 2) download the .json file (this is the CLIENT_ID)
            # 3) save the CLIENT_ID in same folder as your script.py 
            # 4) update the CLIENT_SECRET_FILE (in the code below) with the CLIENT_ID filename


        #Optional
        # If you don't change the permission ("scope"): 
            #the CLIENT_ID could be deleted after creating the credential (after the first run)

        # If you need to change the scope:
            # you will need the CLIENT_ID each time to create a new credential that contains the new scope.
            # Set a new credentials_path for the new credential (because it's another file)
def get_credentials():
    # If needed create folder for credential
    home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~') #>> C:\Users\Me
    credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials') # >>C:\Users\Me\.credentials   (it's a folder)
    if not os.path.exists(credential_dir):
        os.makedirs(credential_dir)  #create folder if doesnt exist
    credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir, 'cred send mail.json')

    #Store the credential
    store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path)
    credentials = store.get()

    if not credentials or credentials.invalid:
        CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_id to send Gmail.json'
        APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email'
        #The scope URL for read/write access to a user's calendar data  

        SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send'

        # Create a flow object. (it assists with OAuth 2.0 steps to get user authorization + credentials)
        flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES)
        flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME

        credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store)

    return credentials




## Get creds, prepare message and send it
def create_message_and_send(sender, to, subject,  message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file):
    credentials = get_credentials()

    # Create an httplib2.Http object to handle our HTTP requests, and authorize it using credentials.authorize()
    http = httplib2.Http()

    # http is the authorized httplib2.Http() 
    http = credentials.authorize(http)        #or: http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())

    service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http)

    ## without attachment
    message_without_attachment = create_message_without_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_html, message_text_plain)
    send_Message_without_attachement(service, "me", message_without_attachment, message_text_plain)


    ## with attachment
    # message_with_attachment = create_Message_with_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file)
    # send_Message_with_attachement(service, "me", message_with_attachment, message_text_plain,attached_file)

def create_message_without_attachment (sender, to, subject, message_text_html, message_text_plain):
    #Create message container
    message = MIMEMultipart('alternative') # needed for both plain & HTML (the MIME type is multipart/alternative)
    message['Subject'] = subject
    message['From'] = sender
    message['To'] = to

    #Create the body of the message (a plain-text and an HTML version)
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_plain, 'plain'))
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_html, 'html'))

    raw_message_no_attachment = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_bytes())
    raw_message_no_attachment = raw_message_no_attachment.decode()
    body  = {'raw': raw_message_no_attachment}
    return body



def create_Message_with_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file):
    """Create a message for an email.

    message_text: The text of the email message.
    attached_file: The path to the file to be attached.

    Returns:
    An object containing a base64url encoded email object.
    """

    ##An email is composed of 3 part :
        #part 1: create the message container using a dictionary { to, from, subject }
        #part 2: attach the message_text with .attach() (could be plain and/or html)
        #part 3(optional): an attachment added with .attach() 

    ## Part 1
    message = MIMEMultipart() #when alternative: no attach, but only plain_text
    message['to'] = to
    message['from'] = sender
    message['subject'] = subject

    ## Part 2   (the message_text)
    # The order count: the first (html) will be use for email, the second will be attached (unless you comment it)
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_html, 'html'))
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_plain, 'plain'))

    ## Part 3 (attachement) 
    # # to attach a text file you containing "test" you would do:
    # # message.attach(MIMEText("test", 'plain'))

    #-----About MimeTypes:
    # It tells gmail which application it should use to read the attachement (it acts like an extension for windows).
    # If you dont provide it, you just wont be able to read the attachement (eg. a text) within gmail. You'll have to download it to read it (windows will know how to read it with it's extension). 

    #-----3.1 get MimeType of attachment
        #option 1: if you want to attach the same file just specify it’s mime types

        #option 2: if you want to attach any file use mimetypes.guess_type(attached_file) 

    my_mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(attached_file)

    # If the extension is not recognized it will return: (None, None)
    # If it's an .mp3, it will return: (audio/mp3, None) (None is for the encoding)
    #for unrecognized extension it set my_mimetypes to  'application/octet-stream' (so it won't return None again). 
    if my_mimetype is None or encoding is not None:
        my_mimetype = 'application/octet-stream' 


    main_type, sub_type = my_mimetype.split('/', 1)# split only at the first '/'
    # if my_mimetype is audio/mp3: main_type=audio sub_type=mp3

    #-----3.2  creating the attachement
        #you don't really "attach" the file but you attach a variable that contains the "binary content" of the file you want to attach

        #option 1: use MIMEBase for all my_mimetype (cf below)  - this is the easiest one to understand
        #option 2: use the specific MIME (ex for .mp3 = MIMEAudio)   - it's a shorcut version of MIMEBase

    #this part is used to tell how the file should be read and stored (r, or rb, etc.)
    if main_type == 'text':
        print("text")
        temp = open(attached_file, 'r')  # 'rb' will send this error: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'encode'
        attachement = MIMEText(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        temp.close()

    elif main_type == 'image':
        print("image")
        temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
        attachement = MIMEImage(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        temp.close()

    elif main_type == 'audio':
        print("audio")
        temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
        attachement = MIMEAudio(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        temp.close()            

    elif main_type == 'application' and sub_type == 'pdf':   
        temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
        attachement = MIMEApplication(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
        temp.close()

    else:                              
        attachement = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type)
        temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
        attachement.set_payload(temp.read())
        temp.close()

    #-----3.3 encode the attachment, add a header and attach it to the message
    encoders.encode_base64(attachement)  #https://docs.python.org/3/library/email-examples.html
    filename = os.path.basename(attached_file)
    attachement.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename) # name preview in email
    message.attach(attachement) 


    ## Part 4 encode the message (the message should be in bytes)
    message_as_bytes = message.as_bytes() # the message should converted from string to bytes.
    message_as_base64 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message_as_bytes) #encode in base64 (printable letters coding)
    raw = message_as_base64.decode()  # need to JSON serializable (no idea what does it means)
    return {'raw': raw} 



def send_Message_without_attachement(service, user_id, body, message_text_plain):
    try:
        message_sent = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=body).execute())
        message_id = message_sent['id']
        # print(attached_file)
        print (f'Message sent (without attachment) \n\n Message Id: {message_id}\n\n Message:\n\n {message_text_plain}')
        # return body
    except errors.HttpError as error:
        print (f'An error occurred: {error}')




def send_Message_with_attachement(service, user_id, message_with_attachment, message_text_plain, attached_file):
    """Send an email message.

    Args:
    service: Authorized Gmail API service instance.
    user_id: User's email address. The special value "me" can be used to indicate the authenticated user.
    message: Message to be sent.

    Returns:
    Sent Message.
    """
    try:
        message_sent = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message_with_attachment).execute())
        message_id = message_sent['id']
        # print(attached_file)

        # return message_sent
    except errors.HttpError as error:
        print (f'An error occurred: {error}')


def main():
    to = "youremail@gmail.com"
    sender = "myemail@gmail.com"
    subject = "subject test1"
    message_text_html  = r'Hi<br/>Html <b>hello</b>'
    message_text_plain = "Hi\nPlain Email"
    attached_file = r'C:\Users\Me\Desktop\audio.m4a'
    create_message_and_send(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file)


if __name__ == '__main__':
        main()

Answer 4

对于jupyter-notebook用户，按照@ apadana的说明操作后，如果收到含糊的错误信息，请确保将代码复制到自己的python文件中并使用

运行

%run [filename].py

（仍然不知道我是怎么想出来的）

当你完成这件事时，你现在几乎已经清楚了。

进行最后一次更改：Gmail API Error from Code Sample - a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

替换

return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}

使用：

return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string().encode()).decode()}

现在，它应该可以工作。

最后的注释：记住base64编码有两个实例...

使用

return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_string().encode()).decode()}

在方法CreateMessageHtml

中

和

return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string().encode()).decode()}

在方法createMessageWithAttachment

中

你必须这样做的原因是因为消息在CreateMessageHtml中具有变量名称'msg'，但在createMessageWithAttachment中具有名称'message'。因为原因。这就是原因。

Answer 5

谢谢，@ Guillame，@ apadana。 @Guillaume的回答在Win / Python3.7中对我很有用，但有一点改变。对于所有3个打印语句，我必须删除“f”，如更改：

print (f'An error occurred: {error}')

到

print ('An error occurred: {error}')

另请参阅@ apandana获取client_secret.json文件的答案的第一部分。这对我来说更清楚。

Answer 6

前段时间，我遇到了同样的问题。

在阅读代码之前-请访问-https：//developers.google.com/gmail/api/quickstart/python

另外，转到上面列出的网站时，请启用Gmail API，以便可以使用代码。

我不得不大量搜索Google并修改已经存在的Google Gmail API代码，以使其变得像这样：-

var transformedList = myList
    .GroupBy(x => x.CountryType)
    .Select(g => new PersonViewModel()
    { 
        CountryType = g.Key, 
        Names = g.Select(x => x.Name).OrderBy(n => n).ToList() 
    });

这段代码可能看起来很长，但是您只需要更改变量{-<TreeView ItemsSource="{Binding PersonViewModelList}"> <TreeView.Resources> <HierarchicalDataTemplate ItemsSource="{Binding Names}" DataType="{x:Type local:PersonViewModel}"> <TextBlock Text="{Binding CountryType}" /> </HierarchicalDataTemplate> </TreeView.Resources> </TreeView>，from __future__ import print_function import pickle import os.path from googleapiclient.discovery import build from google_auth_oauthlib.flow import InstalledAppFlow from google.auth.transport.requests import Request from email.mime.text import MIMEText import base64 subject = "Subject_Goes_Here" msg = "Your_Message_Text_Goes_Here" sender = "senders_email@email.com" receiver = "recievers_email@email.com" SCOPES = ['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.modify'] creds = None if os.path.exists('token.pickle'): with open('token.pickle', 'rb') as token: creds = pickle.load(token) # If there are no (valid) credentials available, let the user log in. if not creds or not creds.valid: if creds and creds.expired and creds.refresh_token: creds.refresh(Request()) else: flow = InstalledAppFlow.from_client_secrets_file( 'credentials.json', SCOPES) creds = flow.run_local_server(port=0) # Save the credentials for the next run with open('token.pickle', 'wb') as token: pickle.dump(creds, token) service = build('gmail', 'v1', credentials=creds) message = MIMEText(msg) message['to'] = receiver message['from'] = sender message['subject'] = subject raw = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_bytes()) raw = raw.decode() body = {'raw' : raw} message = (service.users().messages().send(userId='me', body=body).execute())，subject和message中的值即可。

我已根据我的需要修改了代码，可能对您不起作用。但是，在线上还有许多其他示例。例如，要发送带有附件的邮件，您可以在此处-https://developers.google.com/gmail/api/guides/uploads

在此示例中，您必须通过启用安全性较低的应用访问您的Gmail帐户来降低安全性。但这是Google API，因此您不必担心。该代码还会询问您的Gmail密码，但这仅是一种安全措施，由Google服务器在本地控制和存储。

这段代码对我来说就像是一种魅力，我希望它也对您有用。

谢谢

Answer 7

因此，我发现上述所有内容都非常有用，但是开箱即用对我来说没有任何帮助。具体而言，我的问题涉及找到用于发送的适当范围，而不是已读消息（在Google提供的快速入门指南中未指定）。可以在here中找到范围界定权限的列表。

结合使用quickstart guide指南，我们可以像这样获得腌制的凭据文件：

import pickle
import os
from google_auth_oauthlib.flow import InstalledAppFlow


# Specify permissions to send and read/write messages
# Find more information at:
# https://developers.google.com/gmail/api/auth/scopes
SCOPES = ['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send',
          'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.modify']


# Get the user's home directory
home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')

# Recall that the credentials.json data is saved in our "Downloads" folder
json_path = os.path.join(home_dir, 'Downloads', 'credentials.json')

# Next we indicate to the API how we will be generating our credentials
flow = InstalledAppFlow.from_client_secrets_file(json_path, SCOPES)

# This step will generate the pickle file
# The file gmail.pickle stores the user's access and refresh tokens, and is
# created automatically when the authorization flow completes for the first
# time.
creds = flow.run_local_server(port=0)

# We are going to store the credentials in the user's home directory
pickle_path = os.path.join(home_dir, 'gmail.pickle')
with open(pickle_path, 'wb') as token:
    pickle.dump(creds, token)

然后我们可以使用以下方法实际发送电子邮件：

import pickle
import os
import base64
import googleapiclient.discovery
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText


# Get the path to the pickle file
home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
pickle_path = os.path.join(home_dir, 'gmail.pickle')

# Load our pickled credentials
creds = pickle.load(open(pickle_path, 'rb'))

# Build the service
service = googleapiclient.discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', credentials=creds)

# Create a message
my_email = '<your_email_here>@gmail.com'
msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msg['Subject'] = 'Hello World'
msg['From'] = f'{my_email}'
msg['To'] = f'{my_email}'
msgPlain = 'This is my first email!'
msgHtml = '<b>This is my first email!</b>'
msg.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain'))
msg.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html'))
raw = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_bytes())
raw = raw.decode()
body = {'raw': raw}

message1 = body
message = (
    service.users().messages().send(
        userId="me", body=message1).execute())
print('Message Id: %s' % message['id'])

来源：https://scriptreference.com/sending-emails-via-gmail-with-python/

通过gmail＆amp;发送电子邮件蟒蛇

7 个答案: