使用元类的Python工厂模式实现

时间:2016-04-19 19:51:29

标签: python design-patterns factory-pattern metaclass

我在尝试实现易于使用的抽象工厂时遇到了问题。

目标

能够以这种方式定义具体工厂:

class MyConcreteFactory( ... ):
    @classmethod
    def __load(cls, key):
        obj = ... # Loading instructions here
        return obj

能够以这种方式使用concretre工厂

obj = MyConcreteFactory[key]

我的尝试

我试图为工厂定义一个元类,它覆盖了括号运算符并封装了工厂模式:

class __FactoryMeta(type):

    __ressources = {}

    @classmethod
    def __getitem__(cls, key):
        if key not in cls.__ressources:
            cls.__ressources[key] = cls.__load(key)
        return cls.__ressources[key]

    @classmethod
    def __load(cls, key):
        raise NotImplementedError


class ConcreteFactory(metaclass=__FactoryMeta):

    @classmethod
    def __load(cls, key):
        return "toto"


a = ConcreteFactory["mykey"]
print(a)

问题

这失败了,因为调用的__load方法是来自元类的方法,而不是来自具体类的方法。结果是:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\walter\workspace\Game\src\core\factories.py", line 34, in <module>
    a = ConcreteFactory["mykey"]
  File "C:\Users\walter\workspace\Game\src\core\factories.py", line 19, in __getitem__
    cls.__ressources[key] = cls.__load(key)
  File "C:\Users\walter\workspace\Game\src\core\factories.py", line 24, in __load
    raise NotImplementedError
NotImplementedError

我试图从元类中删除__load方法,但后来我得到了这个(可预测的)错误:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\walter\workspace\Game\src\core\factories.py", line 30, in <module>
    a = ConcreteFactory["mykey"]
  File "C:\Users\walter\workspace\Game\src\core\factories.py", line 19, in __getitem__
    cls.__ressources[key] = cls.__load(key)
AttributeError: type object '__FactoryMeta' has no attribute '_FactoryMeta__load'

问题

有没有办法从元类中访问类方法? 我错了,应该以另一种方式做到这一点吗?然后呢?

解决方案

class __FactoryMeta(type):

    ressources = {}

    def __getitem__(cls, key):
        if key not in cls.ressources:
            cls.ressources[key] = cls.load(key)
        return cls.ressources[key]

    def load(cls, key):
        raise NotImplementedError


class ConcreteFactory(metaclass=__FactoryMeta):

    @classmethod
    def load(cls, key):
        return "toto"


a = ConcreteFactory["mykey"]
print(a)

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:1)

您不应在元类中使用@classmethod。元类的一个实例就是类本身:

def __getitem__(cls, key):

实际上是班级和:

@classmethod
def __getitem__(metacls, key):

将元类作为第一个参数。

Eiher案例,我认为元类会使这个问题变得更加复杂。我相信一种更可行的方法是创建一个基础工厂类,相应地对其进行子类化,并使用子类实例作为工厂。