我写了一个Fortran代码来计算给定列表{1,2,3,...,n}
的第i个排列,而没有计算所有其他列表,n!
我需要它来找到第i个路径。 TSP(旅行商问题)。
当n!
很大时,代码会给我一些错误,我测试发现的第i个排列不是确切的值。对于n = 10,根本没有问题,但对于n=20
,代码崩溃或找到错误的值。我认为这是由于Fortran使用大数字操作的错误(大数字的总和)。
我使用Visual Fortran Ultimate 2013.在附件中找到我用于我的目标的子程序。 WeightAdjMatRete
是网络中每对节点之间的距离矩阵。
! Fattoriale
RECURSIVE FUNCTION factorial(n) RESULT(n_factorial)
IMPLICIT NONE
REAL, INTENT(IN) :: n
REAL :: n_factorial
IF(n>0) THEN
n_factorial=n*factorial(n-1)
ELSE
n_factorial=1.
ENDIF
ENDFUNCTION factorial
! ith-permutazione di una lista
SUBROUTINE ith_permutazione(lista_iniziale,n,i,ith_permutation)
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER :: k,n
REAL :: j,f
REAL, INTENT(IN) :: i
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:n), INTENT(IN) :: lista_iniziale
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:n) :: lista_lavoro
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:n), INTENT(OUT) :: ith_permutation
lista_lavoro=lista_iniziale
j=i
DO k=1,n
f=factorial(REAL(n-k))
ith_permutation(k)=lista_lavoro(FLOOR(j/f)+1)
lista_lavoro=PACK(lista_lavoro,MASK=lista_lavoro/=ith_permutation(k))
j=MOD(j,f)
ENDDO
ENDSUBROUTINE ith_permutazione
! Funzione modulo, adattata
PURE FUNCTION mood(k,modulo) RESULT(ris)
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: k,modulo
INTEGER :: ris
IF(MOD(k,modulo)/=0) THEN
ris=MOD(k,modulo)
ELSE
ris=modulo
ENDIF
ENDFUNCTION mood
! Funzione quoziente, adattata
PURE FUNCTION quoziente(a,p) RESULT(ris)
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: a,p
INTEGER :: ris
IF(MOD(a,p)/=0) THEN
ris=(a/p)+1
ELSE
ris=a/p
ENDIF
ENDFUNCTION quoziente
! Vettori contenenti tutti i payoff percepiti dagli agenti allo state vector attuale e quelli ad ogni sua singola permutazione
SUBROUTINE tuttipayoff(n,m,nodi,nodi_rete,sigma,bvector,MatVecSomma,VecPos,lista_iniziale,ith_permutation,lunghezze_percorso,WeightAdjMatRete,array_perceived_payoff_old,array_perceived_payoff_neg)
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: n,m,nodi,nodi_rete
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:nodi), INTENT(IN) :: sigma
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:nodi), INTENT(OUT) :: bvector
REAL, DIMENSION(1:m,1:n), INTENT(OUT) :: MatVecSomma
REAL, DIMENSION(1:m), INTENT(OUT) :: VecPos
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:nodi_rete), INTENT(IN) :: lista_iniziale
INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:nodi_rete), INTENT(OUT) :: ith_permutation
REAL, DIMENSION(1:nodi_rete), INTENT(OUT) :: lunghezze_percorso
REAL, DIMENSION(1:nodi_rete,1:nodi_rete), INTENT(IN) :: WeightAdjMatRete
REAL, DIMENSION(1:nodi), INTENT(OUT) :: array_perceived_payoff_old,array_perceived_payoff_neg
INTEGER :: i,j,k
bvector=sigma
FORALL(i=1:nodi,bvector(i)==-1)
bvector(i)=0
ENDFORALL
FORALL(i=1:m,j=1:n)
MatVecSomma(i,j)=bvector(m*(j-1)+i)*(2.**REAL(n-j))
ENDFORALL
FORALL(i=1:m)
VecPos(i)=1.+SUM(MatVecSomma(i,:))
ENDFORALL
DO k=1,nodi
IF(VecPos(mood(k,m))<=factorial(REAL(nodi_rete))) THEN
CALL ith_permutazione(lista_iniziale,nodi_rete,VecPos(mood(k,m))-1.,ith_permutation)
FORALL(i=1:(nodi_rete-1))
lunghezze_percorso(i)=WeightAdjMatRete(ith_permutation(i),ith_permutation(i+1))
ENDFORALL
lunghezze_percorso(nodi_rete)=WeightAdjMatRete(ith_permutation(nodi_rete),ith_permutation(1))
array_perceived_payoff_old(k)=(1./SUM(lunghezze_percorso))
ELSE
array_perceived_payoff_old(k)=0.
ENDIF
IF(VecPos(mood(k,m))-SIGN(1,sigma(m*(quoziente(k,m)-1)+mood(k,m)))*2**(n-quoziente(k,m))<=factorial(REAL(nodi_rete))) THEN
CALL ith_permutazione(lista_iniziale,nodi_rete,VecPos(mood(k,m))-SIGN(1,sigma(m*(quoziente(k,m)-1)+mood(k,m)))*2**(n-quoziente(k,m))-1.,ith_permutation)
FORALL(i=1:(nodi_rete-1))
lunghezze_percorso(i)=WeightAdjMatRete(ith_permutation(i),ith_permutation(i+1))
ENDFORALL
lunghezze_percorso(nodi_rete)=WeightAdjMatRete(ith_permutation(nodi_rete),ith_permutation(1))
array_perceived_payoff_neg(k)=(1./SUM(lunghezze_percorso))
ELSE
array_perceived_payoff_neg(k)=0.
ENDIF
ENDDO
ENDSUBROUTINE tuttipayoff
答案 0 :(得分:1)
不要使用浮点数来表示阶乘;阶乘是整数的乘积,因此最好用整数表示。
因子的增长速度很快,所以使用实数可能很诱人,因为实数可以代表像1.0e + 30这样的巨大数字。但浮点数只是与它们的大小有关才精确;他们的尾数仍然有限,它们可能很大,因为他们的指数可能很大。
32位实数可以表示高达约1600万的精确整数。在那之后,只有每个偶数整数可以表示高达3200万,每四个整数高达6400万。 64位整数更好,因为它们可以表示高达9千万亿的精确整数。
64位整数可以进一步增加1024倍:它们可以代表2 ^ 63或大约9个quintillion(9e + 18)整数。这足以代表20!:
20! = 2,432,902,008,176,640,000
2^63 = 9,223,372,036,854,775,808
Fortran允许您根据它应该能够表示的小数位选择一种整数:
integer, (kind=selected_int_kind(18))
使用它来使用64位整数进行计算。这将为您提供最多20位的阶乘!不过,它不会更进一步:大多数机器只支持最多64位的整数,因此selected_int_kind(19)
会给你一个错误。
这是使用64位整数的程序的排列部分。请注意所有类型转换和地板和天花板是如何消失的。
program permute
implicit none
integer, parameter :: long = selected_int_kind(18)
integer, parameter :: n = 20
integer, dimension(1:n) :: orig
integer, dimension(1:n) :: perm
integer(kind=long) :: k
do k = 1, n
orig(k) = k
end do
do k = 0, 2000000000000000_long, 100000000000000_long
call ith_perm(perm, orig, n, k)
print *, k
print *, perm
print *
end do
end program
function fact(n)
implicit none
integer, parameter :: long = selected_int_kind(18)
integer(kind=long) :: fact
integer, intent(in) :: n
integer :: i
fact = 1
i = n
do while (i > 1)
fact = fact * i
i = i - 1
end do
end function fact
subroutine ith_perm(perm, orig, n, i)
implicit none
integer, parameter :: long = selected_int_kind(18)
integer, intent(in) :: n
integer(kind=long), intent(in) :: i
integer, dimension(1:n), intent(in) :: orig
integer, dimension(1:n), intent(out) :: perm
integer, dimension(1:n) :: work
integer :: k
integer(kind=long) :: f, j
integer(kind=long) :: fact
work = orig
j = i
do k = 1, n
f = fact(n - k)
perm(k) = work(j / f + 1)
work = pack(work, work /= perm(k))
j = mod(j, f)
end do
end subroutine ith_perm