关于工会和堆分配内存的问题

时间:2010-08-26 21:25:41

标签: c++ memory-management unions heap-memory

我试图使用联合,所以我可以更新一个线程中的字段,然后读取另一个线程中的所有字段。在实际系统中,我有互斥锁以确保一切都安全。问题在于fieldB,在我不得不改变它之前,fieldB被声明为字段A和C.但是,由于第三方驱动程序,fieldB必须与页面边界对齐。当我改变字段B以分配valloc时,我遇到了问题。

问题: 1)有没有办法在页面边界上静态声明fieldB alligned。基本上和valloc做同样的事情,但是在堆栈上?

2)当字段B或在堆上分配任何字段时,是否可以进行联合?不确定这是否合法。

这是我正在尝试的一个简单的测试程序。除非您将字段A声明为字段A和C,并在公共方法中进行明显更改,否则这不起作用。

#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

class Test
{
   public:
      Test(void)
      {
         // field B must be alligned to page boundary
         // Is there a way to do this on the stack???
         this->field.fieldB = (unsigned char*) valloc(10);
      };

      //I know this is bad, this class is being treated like 
      //a global structure. Its self contained in another class.
      unsigned char* PointerToFieldA(void)
      {
         return &this->field.fieldA[0];
      }

      unsigned char* PointerToFieldB(void)
      {
         return this->field.fieldB;
      }

      unsigned char* PointerToFieldC(void)
      {
         return &this->field.fieldC[0];
      }

      unsigned char* PointerToAllFields(void)
      {
         return &this->allFields[0];
      }

   private:
      // Is this union possible with field B being 
      // allocated on the heap?
      union
      {
         struct
         {
            unsigned char  fieldA[10];

            //This field has to be alligned to page boundary
            //Is there way to be declared on the stack
            unsigned char* fieldB;
            unsigned char  fieldC[10];
         } field;

         unsigned char allFields[30];
      };
};


int main()
{
   Test test;

   strncpy((char*) test.PointerToFieldA(), "0123456789", 10);
   strncpy((char*) test.PointerToFieldB(), "1234567890", 10);
   strncpy((char*) test.PointerToFieldC(), "2345678901", 10);

   char dummy[11];
   dummy[10] = '\0';

   strncpy(dummy, (char*) test.PointerToFieldA(), 10);
   printf("%s\n", dummy);

   strncpy(dummy, (char*) test.PointerToFieldB(), 10);
   printf("%s\n", dummy);

   strncpy(dummy, (char*) test.PointerToFieldC(), 10);
   printf("%s\n", dummy);

   char allFields[31];
   allFields[30] = '\0';
   strncpy(allFields, (char*) test.PointerToAllFields(), 30);
   printf("%s\n", allFields);

   return 0;
}

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:2)

我认为您不能将fieldB声明为指针并获得所需的行为(假设我正确理解了这个问题)。为了使联合在你使用它时有意义,你需要将它声明为联合中的一个数组。

我有点好奇是否可以重载类的新操作符以强制特定成员在页面边界上。我很快就把重载的运营商搞得一团糟。它会导致每次分配整个额外页面。它找到该字段所在位置的偏移量,然后按该数量调整地址。由于额外的内存被分配(假设我正确地进行了数学计算),它将是安全的。但是很难看。

它将分配偏移量填充到类中的成员中,以便它知道“取消设置”指针的数量以释放它。这真是可怕的代码。它似乎可以作为一个实验,但在生产代码中却不那么好。

#define PAGE_SIZE 0x1000

class test
{
public:
   int allocoffset;
   void* operator new( size_t );
   void operator delete( void* );
    union
      {
         __declspec( align(4096)) struct
         {
            unsigned char  fieldA[10];

            //This field has to be alligned to page boundary
            //Is there way to be declared on the stack
            unsigned char  fieldB[10];
            unsigned char  fieldC[10];
         } field;

         unsigned char allFields[30];
      };
};

void* test::operator new(size_t size)
{
   // Allocate an entire extra page so we can offset it by any amount
   // less than the page size to ensure alignment of fieldB
   unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)malloc( sizeof( test ) + PAGE_SIZE );
   uintptr_t addr;
   uintptr_t diff;

   std::cout << "new " << (void*)p << std::endl;

   // now offset the returned memory by the amount needed to align
   // fieldB on a page boundary.
   addr = (uintptr_t)p + (uintptr_t)( offsetof( test, field.fieldB ));

   diff = PAGE_SIZE - ( addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1 ));

   p += diff;

   ((test*)p)->allocoffset = diff;

   return p;
}

void test::operator delete( void *p )
{
   // offset by appropriate amount that we allocated it by
   p = (void*)( (unsigned char*)p - ((test*)p)->allocoffset );
   std::cout << "delete " << p << std::endl;
   free(p);
}

int main()
{
   test *t;

   t = new test;

   std::cout << "allocation offset " << t->allocoffset << std::endl;
   std::cout << "address of fieldB " << (void*)&t->field.fieldB << std::endl;

   delete t;
}

以下是示例输出:

new 00353FA0
allocation offset 86
address of fieldB 00355000
delete 00353FA0

答案 1 :(得分:1)

我不这么认为 - 在堆栈上对齐有点复杂,因为您需要知道当前的位置,分配足够的字节来消耗“当前”内存页然后分配数据。在堆栈上,这不是通常的操作(即你没有在堆栈上对齐任何东西)。

但是,有些编译器具有对齐结构的编译指示,MSVC具有“__declspec align”,您可以在其中指定数据成员的对齐,编译器将插入适当的字节数。

可以做一个在堆上分配1个成员的联合 - union将照常包含所有字段,但堆分配的字段只是一个指针。

最后,valloc已经过时 - 你应该使用memalign或posix_memalign代替。