我制作的游戏包括10美元,5美元,3美元和1美元的硬币面额。玩家可以在其库存中具有0种或更多种类型的货币,总共最多15个硬币。我试图弄清楚如何正确选择硬币,以便给予最少量的改变作为回报。起初我觉得这很容易解决,但现在我无法绕过它。
以下两个例子可以进一步解释这种情况:
示例1:
用户携带这些硬币:5美元,3美元,3美元,3美元,1美元,1美元,1美元,1美元,并想购买12美元的商品。解决方案是支付5美元,3美元,3美元,1美元并且不做任何改变。
示例2:
用户没有任何1美元的硬币,并且携带5美元,3美元,3美元,3美元,3美元。一件物品以12美元的价格购买,因此他们以5美元,3美元,3美元和3美元的价格购买,并且返还2美元的更改。
由于我们首先选择较大的硬币,我不知道的是如何知道玩家的库存中是否有足够的低价值硬币(在这种情况下为1美元)以适应示例1,如果没有足以使用更多高价值的硬币,如例2所示。
在下面的例子中可以看到另一个问题,尽管我很高兴让以上两个例子正常工作:
示例3: 用户携带这些硬币:5美元,3美元,3美元,3美元。玩家以6美元的价格购买东西。最好使用$ 3和$ 3并且不返回任何变化而不是使用$ 5和$ 3并且给予$ 2更改。
我相信前两个例子可以使用递归和贪婪算法的变体来解决。
赏金奖励:
我现在已经在下面添加了我自己的答案作为临时解决方案。但是,我喜欢Llama先生的方法(参见他引用的链接),并希望找到一个PHP示例来满足这一要求。我相信这种方法不需要递归并使用memoization。
如果有多个选项可以进行最少量的更改,那么我希望能够以最少量的硬币支付这笔钱。
答案 0 :(得分:14)
问题可以定义为:
Return a subset of items where the sum is closest to x, but >= x.
此问题称为子集求和问题。它是NP完全的。你不会找到一个在伪多项式时间内运行的完美算法,只有不完美的启发式算法。
但是,如果硬币的数量非常少,那么对解决方案空间的详尽搜索肯定会起作用。
如果硬币数量较大,那么您应该查看维基百科的概述:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset_sum_problem#Polynomial_time_approximate_algorithm
答案 1 :(得分:10)
我有一个类似的问题,除了被允许过去,组合必须保持在目标金额之下。最后,我使用了this answer中提出的动态方法。你也应该可以使用它。
它是这样的:
*:我们可以进行此优化,因为我们并不特别关心组合中使用了哪些硬币,只是硬币集合的总和值。
如果使用和值作为关键字,可以稍微优化上述算法。
答案 2 :(得分:1)
我提出了以下解决方案。如果其他人可以为我批评,我会很感激。
<?php
$coin_value = array(10,5,3,1);
$inventory = array(1,2,0,2);
$price = 17;
for ($i = 3; $i >= 0; $i--){
$btotal = 0;
$barray = array();
for ($j = 0; $j < 4; $j++){
$remaining = $price - $btotal;
$to_add = floor($remaining / $coin_value[$j]);
if ($i != 3 && $i == $j){
$to_add++;
}
if ($inventory[$j] < $to_add){
$to_add = $inventory[$j];
}
$btotal += $to_add * $coin_value[$j];
for ($k = 0; $k < $to_add; $k++){
$barray[] = $coin_value[$j];
}
if ($btotal >= $price)
break 2; //warning: breaks out of outer loop
}
}
$change_due = $btotal - $price;
print_r($barray);
echo "Change due: \$$change_due\n";
?>
它涵盖了原始问题中的示例1和2,但不包括示例3.但是,我认为除非有人能提出更好的解决方案,否则它现在会做。我决定不使用递归,因为它似乎需要花费太多时间。
答案 3 :(得分:1)
您可以使用堆栈枚举有效组合。以下版本使用小优化,计算是否需要当前面额的最小值。如果存在任何最小变化组合,则返回多个最小变化组合,可以通过记忆来限制;如果当前面额可以完成零变化的组合,那么也可以增加提前退出。我希望简洁的评论代码是不言自明的(如果您想进一步解释,请告诉我):
function leastChange($coin_value,$inventory,$price){
$n = count($inventory);
$have = 0;
for ($i=0; $i<$n; $i++){
$have += $inventory[$i] * $coin_value[$i];
}
$stack = [[0,$price,$have,[]]];
$best = [-max($coin_value),[]];
while (!empty($stack)){
// each stack call traverses a different set of parameters
$parameters = array_pop($stack);
$i = $parameters[0];
$owed = $parameters[1];
$have = $parameters[2];
$result = $parameters[3];
// base case
if ($owed <= 0){
if ($owed > $best[0]){
$best = [$owed,$result];
} else if ($owed == $best[0]){
// here you can add a test for a smaller number of coins
$best[] = $result;
}
continue;
}
// skip if we have none of this coin
if ($inventory[$i] == 0){
$result[] = 0;
$stack[] = [$i + 1,$owed,$have,$result];
continue;
}
// minimum needed of this coin
$need = $owed - $have + $inventory[$i] * $coin_value[$i];
if ($need < 0){
$min = 0;
} else {
$min = ceil($need / $coin_value[$i]);
}
// add to stack
for ($j=$min; $j<=$inventory[$i]; $j++){
$stack[] = [$i + 1,$owed - $j * $coin_value[$i],$have - $inventory[$i] * $coin_value[$i],array_merge($result,[$j])];
if ($owed - $j * $coin_value[$i] < 0){
break;
}
}
}
return $best;
}
输出:
$coin_value = [10,5,3,1];
$inventory = [0,1,3,4];
$price = 12;
echo json_encode(leastChange($coin_value,$inventory,$price)); // [0,[0,1,2,1],[0,1,1,4],[0,0,3,3]]
$coin_value = [10,5,3,1];
$inventory = [0,1,4,0];
$price = 12;
echo json_encode(leastChange($coin_value,$inventory,$price)); // [0,[0,0,4]]
$coin_value = [10,5,3,1];
$inventory = [0,1,3,0];
$price = 6;
echo json_encode(leastChange($coin_value,$inventory,$price)); // [0,[0,0,2]]
$coin_value = [10,5,3,1];
$inventory = [0,1,3,0];
$price = 7;
echo json_encode(leastChange($coin_value,$inventory,$price)); // [-1,[0,1,1]]
<强>更新强>
由于您对硬币的最低数量感兴趣,我认为只有在能够保证不会跳过更好的可能性的情况下,记忆才有效。我想如果我们首先使用最大的硬币进行深度优先搜索,就可以做到这一点。如果我们已经使用较大的硬币获得相同的金额,那么继续当前线程是没有意义的。确保输入库存按照面额大小的降序排列硬币并添加/更改以下内容:
// maximum needed of this coin
$max = min($inventory[$i],ceil($owed / $inventory[$i]));
// add to stack
for ($j=$max; $j>=$min; $j--){
答案 4 :(得分:0)
我能够提出的解决方案涵盖了您问题中发布的3个示例。并且总是尽可能少地给出变化。
我所做的测试似乎执行得非常快。
我在这里发布代码:
<?php
//Example values
$coin_value = array(10,5,3,1);
$inventory = array(5,4,3,0);
$price = 29;
//Initialize counters
$btotal = 0;
$barray = array(0,0,0,0);
//Get the sum of coins
$total_coins = array_sum($inventory);
function check_availability($i) {
global $inventory, $barray;
$a = $inventory[$i];
$b = $barray[$i];
$the_diff = $a - $b;
return $the_diff != 0;
}
/*
* Checks the lower currency available
* Returns index for arrays, or -1 if none available
*/
function check_lower_available() {
for ($i = 3; $i >= 0; $i--) {
if (check_availability($i)) {
return $i;
}
}
return -1;
}
for($i=0;$i<4;$i++) {
while(check_availability($i) && ($btotal + $coin_value[$i]) <= $price) {
$btotal += $coin_value[$i];
$barray[$i]++;
}
}
if($price != $btotal) {
$buf = check_lower_available();
for ($i = $buf; $i >= 0; $i--) {
if (check_availability($i) && ($btotal + $coin_value[$i]) > $price) {
$btotal += $coin_value[$i];
$barray[$i]++;
break;
}
}
}
// Time to pay
$bchange = 0;
$barray_change = array(0,0,0,0);
if ($price > $btotal) {
echo "You have not enough money.";
}
else {
$pay_msg = "You paid $".$btotal."\n\n";
$pay_msg.= "You used ".$barray[0]." coins of $10\n";
$pay_msg.= "You used ".$barray[1]." coins of $5\n";
$pay_msg.= "You used ".$barray[2]." coins of $3\n";
$pay_msg.= "You used ".$barray[3]." coins of $1\n\n\n";
// Time to give change
$the_diff = $btotal - $price;
if (!empty($the_diff)) {
for ($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
while($the_diff >= $coin_value[$i]) {
$bchange += $coin_value[$i];
$barray_change[$i]++;
$the_diff -= $coin_value[$i];
}
}
$check_sum = array_sum($inventory) - array_sum($barray);
$check_sum+= array_sum($barray_change);
$msg = "";
if ($check_sum < 15) {
$change_msg = "Your change: $".$bchange."\n\n";
$change_msg.= "You received ".$barray_change[0]." coins of $10\n";
$change_msg.= "You received ".$barray_change[1]." coins of $5\n";
$change_msg.= "You received ".$barray_change[2]." coins of $3\n";
$change_msg.= "You received ".$barray_change[3]." coins of $1\n\n";
$msg = $pay_msg.$change_msg;
}
else {
$msg = "You have not enough space to hold the change.\n";
$msg.= "Buy cancelled.\n";
}
}
else {
$msg = $pay_msg."You do not need change\n";
}
if ($check_sum < 15) {
for ($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
$inventory[$i] -= $barray[$i];
$total_coins-= $barray[$i];
}
for ($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
$inventory[$i] += $barray_change[$i];
$total_coins+= $barray[$i];
}
}
echo $msg;
echo "Now you have:\n";
echo $inventory[0]." coins of $10\n";
echo $inventory[1]." coins of $5\n";
echo $inventory[2]." coins of $3\n";
echo $inventory[3]." coins of $1\n";
}
答案 5 :(得分:0)
这是我的解决方案我不知道它有多高效但它有效,我愿意接受建议。
<?php
$player=array(0,3,1,0);//how much coins you have
$player_copy=$player;
$coin_count=array(0,0,0,0);//memorize which coins you gave
$coin_value=array(1,3,5,10);
$price=6; //price of item
$price_copy=$price;
$z=3;
$change=array(-1,-1,-1,-1,-1); //memorise possible changes you can get
$k=0;
$flag=0;
label1: for($j=3;$j>=0;$j--){
$coin_count[$j]=0;
$player[$j]=$player_copy[$j];
}
for($j=$z;$j>=0;$j--){
while(($price>0) && 1<=$player[$j]){
$price-=$coin_value[$j];
$player[$j]--;
$coin_count[$j]++;
}
}
$change[$k++]=$price;
if($price!=0){
for($j=$z;$j>=0;$j--)
if($price_copy>$coin_value[$j]){
$z=$j-1;
$price=$price_copy;
goto label1;
}
$flag=1;
}
//find minimum change
$minv=$change[0];
for($i=1;$change[$i]>=0 and $i<4;$i++)
if($change[$i]>$minv)
$minv=$change[$i];
$i;
//when you find minimum change find which coins you have used
for($i=0;$i<4;$i++)
if($change[$i]==$minv && $flag==1){
$flag=2;
for($j=3;$j>=0;$j--){//reset coin_count and player budget
$coin_count[$j]=0;
$player[$j]=$player_copy[$j];
}
for($j=3-($i%2)-1;$j>=0;$j--){
while(($price>0) && 1<=$player[$j]){
$price-=$coin_value[$j];
$player[$j]--;
$coin_count[$j]++;
}
}
}
//prints result
for($j=0;$j<4;$j++)
printf("%d x %d\n",$coin_count[$j],$coin_value[$j]);
printf("change: %d\n",$minv);
?>
答案 6 :(得分:0)
我不懂PHP,所以我在Java中尝试过它。我希望它的算法很重要。
我的代码如下:
package stackoverflow.changecalculator;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
public class ChangeCalculator
{
List<Integer> coinsInTil = new ArrayList<>();
public void setCoinsInTil(List<Integer> coinsInTil)
{
this.coinsInTil = coinsInTil;
}
public Map<String, List> getPaymentDetailsFromCoinsAvailable(final int amountOwed, List<Integer> inPocketCoins)
{
List<Integer> paid = new ArrayList<>();
int remaining = amountOwed;
// Check starting with the largest coin.
for (Integer coin : inPocketCoins)
if (remaining > 0 && (remaining - coin) >= 0) {
paid.add(coin);
remaining = remaining - coin;
}
ProcessAlternative processAlternative = new ProcessAlternative(amountOwed, inPocketCoins, paid, remaining).invoke();
paid = processAlternative.getPaid();
remaining = processAlternative.getRemaining();
removeUsedCoinsFromPocket(inPocketCoins, paid);
int changeOwed = payTheRestWithNonExactAmount(inPocketCoins, paid, remaining);
List<Integer> change = calculateChangeOwed(changeOwed);
Map<String, List> result = new HashMap<>();
result.put("paid", paid);
result.put("change", change);
return result;
}
private void removeUsedCoinsFromPocket(List<Integer> inPocketCoins, List<Integer> paid)
{
for (int i = 0; i < inPocketCoins.size(); i++) {
Integer coin = inPocketCoins.get(i);
if (paid.contains(coin))
inPocketCoins.remove(i);
}
}
private List<Integer> calculateChangeOwed(int changeOwed)
{
List<Integer> change = new ArrayList<>();
if (changeOwed < 0) {
for (Integer coin : coinsInTil) {
if (coin + changeOwed == 0) {
change.add(coin);
changeOwed = changeOwed + coin;
}
}
}
return change;
}
private int payTheRestWithNonExactAmount(List<Integer> inPocketCoins, List<Integer> paid, int remaining)
{
if (remaining > 0) {
for (int coin : inPocketCoins) {
while (remaining > 0) {
paid.add(coin);
remaining = remaining - coin;
}
}
}
return remaining;
}
}
ProcessAlternative类处理的情况是,最大的硬币不能让我们得到一个没有变化的情况,所以我们尝试替代。
package stackoverflow.changecalculator;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
// if any remaining, check if we can pay with smaller coins first.
class ProcessAlternative
{
private int amountOwed;
private List<Integer> inPocketCoins;
private List<Integer> paid;
private int remaining;
public ProcessAlternative(int amountOwed, List<Integer> inPocketCoins, List<Integer> paid, int remaining)
{
this.amountOwed = amountOwed;
this.inPocketCoins = inPocketCoins;
this.paid = paid;
this.remaining = remaining;
}
public List<Integer> getPaid()
{
return paid;
}
public int getRemaining()
{
return remaining;
}
public ProcessAlternative invoke()
{
List<Integer> alternative = new ArrayList<>();
int altRemaining = amountOwed;
if (remaining > 0) {
for (Integer coin : inPocketCoins)
if (altRemaining > 0 && factorsOfAmountOwed(amountOwed).contains(coin)) {
alternative.add(coin);
altRemaining = altRemaining - coin;
}
// if alternative doesn't require change, use it.
if (altRemaining == 0) {
paid = alternative;
remaining = altRemaining;
}
}
return this;
}
private ArrayList<Integer> factorsOfAmountOwed(int num)
{
ArrayList<Integer> aux = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i <= num / 2; i++)
if ((num % i) == 0)
aux.add(i);
return aux;
}
}
我通过对示例1进行测试,然后进行示例2,最后转到示例3.在此处添加了过程替代位,并且原始测试硬币的替代方案返回0更改需要所以我更新输入的数量为15而不是12,因此它将计算所需的变化。
测试如下:
package stackoverflow.changecalculator;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
public class ChangeCalculatorTest
{
public static final int FIFTY_PENCE = 0;
public static final int TWENTY_PENCE = 1;
public static final int TEN_PENCE = 2;
public static final int FIVE_PENCE = 3;
public static final int TWO_PENCE = 4;
public static final int PENNY = 5;
public ChangeCalculator calculator;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception
{
calculator = new ChangeCalculator();
List<Integer> inTil = new ArrayList<>();
inTil.add(FIFTY_PENCE);
inTil.add(TWENTY_PENCE);
inTil.add(TEN_PENCE);
inTil.add(FIVE_PENCE);
inTil.add(TWO_PENCE);
inTil.add(PENNY);
calculator.setCoinsInTil(inTil);
}
@Test
public void whenHaveExactAmount_thenNoChange() throws Exception
{
// $5, $3, $3, $3, $1, $1, $1, $1
List<Integer> inPocket = new ArrayList<>();
inPocket.add(5);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(1);
inPocket.add(1);
inPocket.add(1);
inPocket.add(1);
Map<String, List> result = calculator.getPaymentDetailsFromCoinsAvailable(12, inPocket);
List change = result.get("change");
assertTrue(change.size() == 0);
List paid = result.get("paid");
List<Integer> expected = new ArrayList<>();
expected.add(5);
expected.add(3);
expected.add(3);
expected.add(1);
assertEquals(expected, paid);
}
@Test
public void whenDoNotHaveExactAmount_thenChangeReturned() throws Exception {
// $5, $3, $3, $3, $3
List<Integer> inPocket = new ArrayList<>();
inPocket.add(5);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
Map<String, List> result = calculator.getPaymentDetailsFromCoinsAvailable(15, inPocket);
List change = result.get("change");
Object actual = change.get(0);
assertEquals(2, actual);
List paid = result.get("paid");
List<Integer> expected = new ArrayList<>();
expected.add(5);
expected.add(3);
expected.add(3);
expected.add(3);
expected.add(3);
assertEquals(expected, paid);
}
@Test
public void whenWeHaveExactAmountButItDoesNotIncludeBiggestCoin_thenPayWithSmallerCoins() throws Exception {
// $5, $3, $3, $3
List<Integer> inPocket = new ArrayList<>();
inPocket.add(5);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
inPocket.add(3);
Map<String, List> result = calculator.getPaymentDetailsFromCoinsAvailable(6, inPocket);
List change = result.get("change");
assertTrue(change.size() == 0);
List paid = result.get("paid");
List<Integer> expected = new ArrayList<>();
expected.add(3);
expected.add(3);
assertEquals(expected, paid);
}
}
测试并不是最干净的,但到目前为止它们都已经过去了。我可以回去再添加一些测试用例,看看我是否可以打破它,但现在没有时间。
答案 7 :(得分:0)
这个答案是基于גלעד-ברקן的回答。我按照他的要求在这里张贴。虽然没有一个答案是我正在寻找的答案,但我发现这是最好的选择。以下是我目前使用的修改后的算法:
<?php
function leastChange($inventory, $price){
//NOTE: Hard coded these in the function for my purposes, but $coin value can be passed as a parameter for a more general-purpose algorithm
$num_coin_types = 4;
$coin_value = [10,5,3,1];
$have = 0;
for ($i=0; $i < $num_coin_types; $i++){
$have += $inventory[$i] * $coin_value[$i];
}
//NOTE: Check to see if you have enough money to make this purchase
if ($price > $have){
$error = ["error", "Insufficient Funds"];
return $error;
}
$stack = [[0,$price,$have,[]]];
$best = [-max($coin_value),[]];
while (!empty($stack)){
// each stack call traverses a different set of parameters
$parameters = array_pop($stack);
$i = $parameters[0];
$owed = $parameters[1];
$have = $parameters[2];
$result = $parameters[3];
if ($owed <= 0){
//NOTE: check for new option with least change OR if same as previous option check which uses the least coins paid
if ($owed > $best[0] || ($owed == $best[0] && (array_sum($result) < array_sum($best[1])))){
//NOTE: add extra zeros to end if needed
while (count($result) < 4){
$result[] = 0;
}
$best = [$owed,$result];
}
continue;
}
// skip if we have none of this coin
if ($inventory[$i] == 0){
$result[] = 0;
$stack[] = [$i + 1,$owed,$have,$result];
continue;
}
// minimum needed of this coin
$need = $owed - $have + $inventory[$i] * $coin_value[$i];
if ($need < 0){
$min = 0;
} else {
$min = ceil($need / $coin_value[$i]);
}
// add to stack
for ($j=$min; $j<=$inventory[$i]; $j++){
$stack[] = [$i + 1,$owed - $j * $coin_value[$i],$have - $inventory[$i] * $coin_value[$i],array_merge($result,[$j])];
if ($owed - $j * $coin_value[$i] < 0){
break;
}
}
}
return $best;
}
这是我的测试代码:
$start = microtime(true);
$inventory = [0,1,3,4];
$price = 12;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
$inventory = [0,1,4,0];
$price = 12;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
$inventory = [0,1,4,0];
$price = 6;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
$inventory = [0,1,4,0];
$price = 7;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
$inventory = [1,3,3,10];
$price=39;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
$inventory = [1,3,3,10];
$price=45;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
//stress test
$inventory = [25,25,25,1];
$price=449;
echo "\n";
echo json_encode(leastChange($inventory,$price));
echo "\n";
$time_elapsed = microtime(true) - $start;
echo "\n Time taken: $time_elapsed \n";
结果:
[0,[0,1,2,1]]
[0,[0,0,4,0]]
[0,[0,0,2,0]]
[-1,[0,1,1,0]]
[0,[1,3,3,5]]
["error","Insufficient Funds"]
[-1,[25,25,25,0]]
Time taken: 0.0046839714050293
当然,时间以微秒为单位,因此只需几分之一秒即可完成!