我想创建一个指定次数打印“Hello”的宏。它的使用方式如下:
many_greetings!(3); // expands to three `println!("Hello");` statements
创建该宏的天真方式是:
macro_rules! many_greetings {
($times:expr) => {{
println!("Hello");
many_greetings!($times - 1);
}};
(0) => ();
}
但是,这不起作用,因为编译器不计算表达式; $times - 1
未计算,但作为新表达式输入宏。
答案 0 :(得分:7)
虽然普通的宏系统不能让你多次重复宏扩展,但在宏中使用for循环没有问题:
macro_rules! many_greetings {
($times:expr) => {{
for _ in 0..$times {
println!("Hello");
}
}};
}
如果你真的需要重复宏,你必须查看过程宏/ compiler plugins(从1.4开始不稳定,写起来有点难度)。
编辑:可能有更好的方法来实现这一点,但今天我已经花了足够长的时间来实现这一点,所以这里有。 repeat!
,一个实际上多次重复代码块的宏:
#![feature(plugin)]
#![plugin(repeat)]
fn main() {
let mut n = 0;
repeat!{ 4 {
println!("hello {}", n);
n += 1;
}};
}
#![feature(plugin_registrar, rustc_private)]
extern crate syntax;
extern crate rustc;
use syntax::codemap::Span;
use syntax::ast::TokenTree;
use syntax::ext::base::{ExtCtxt, MacResult, MacEager, DummyResult};
use rustc::plugin::Registry;
use syntax::util::small_vector::SmallVector;
use syntax::ast::Lit_;
use std::error::Error;
fn expand_repeat(cx: &mut ExtCtxt, sp: Span, tts: &[TokenTree]) -> Box<MacResult + 'static> {
let mut parser = cx.new_parser_from_tts(tts);
let times = match parser.parse_lit() {
Ok(lit) => match lit.node {
Lit_::LitInt(n, _) => n,
_ => {
cx.span_err(lit.span, "Expected literal integer");
return DummyResult::any(sp);
}
},
Err(e) => {
cx.span_err(sp, e.description());
return DummyResult::any(sp);
}
};
let res = parser.parse_block();
match res {
Ok(block) => {
let mut stmts = SmallVector::many(block.stmts.clone());
for _ in 1..times {
let rep_stmts = SmallVector::many(block.stmts.clone());
stmts.push_all(rep_stmts);
}
MacEager::stmts(stmts)
}
Err(e) => {
cx.span_err(sp, e.description());
DummyResult::any(sp)
}
}
}
#[plugin_registrar]
pub fn plugin_registrar(reg: &mut Registry) {
reg.register_macro("repeat", expand_repeat);
}
[lib]
name = "repeat"
plugin = true
请注意,如果我们真的不想进行循环,但是在编译时进行扩展,我们必须做一些事情,比如需要文字数字。毕竟,我们无法在编译时评估引用程序其他部分的变量和函数调用。
答案 1 :(得分:4)
据我所知,没有。宏语言基于模式匹配和变量替换,仅评估宏。
现在,您可以通过评估实施计数:它很无聊......请参阅the playpen
macro_rules! many_greetings {
(3) => {{
println!("Hello");
many_greetings!(2);
}};
(2) => {{
println!("Hello");
many_greetings!(1);
}};
(1) => {{
println!("Hello");
many_greetings!(0);
}};
(0) => ();
}
基于此,我很确定可以发明一组宏来计算&#34;计数&#34;并在每一步调用各种操作(带计数)。
答案 2 :(得分:2)
对于那些正在寻找一种方法来做到这一点的人,还有 seq_macro crate。
它非常易于使用,并且具有稳定的 Rust,开箱即用。
use seq_macro::seq;
macro_rules! many_greetings {
($times:literal) => {
seq!{ N in 0..$times {
println!("Hello");
}}
};
}
fn main() {
many_greetings!(3);
many_greetings!(12);
}
答案 3 :(得分:1)
其他答案已经说过:不,您不能这样使用声明性宏(macro_rules!
)。
但是您可以将many_greetings!
示例实现为程序宏。程序宏是稳定的,所以该定义适用于稳定的。但是,我们尚无法将宏扩展为稳定的语句-这就是#![feature(proc_macro_hygiene)]
的目的。
这看起来像很多代码,但是大多数代码只是错误处理,因此并不复杂!
examples/main.rs
#![feature(proc_macro_hygiene)]
use count_proc_macro::many_greetings;
fn main() {
many_greetings!(3);
}
Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "count-proc-macro"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["me"]
edition = "2018"
[lib]
proc-macro = true
[dependencies]
quote = "0.6"
src/lib.rs
extern crate proc_macro;
use std::iter;
use proc_macro::{Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
/// Expands into multiple `println!("Hello");` statements. E.g.
/// `many_greetings!(3);` will expand into three `println`s.
#[proc_macro]
pub fn many_greetings(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
let tokens = input.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
// Make sure at least one token is provided.
if tokens.is_empty() {
return err(Span::call_site(), "expected integer, found no input");
}
// Make sure we don't have too many tokens.
if tokens.len() > 1 {
return err(tokens[1].span(), "unexpected second token");
}
// Get the number from our token.
let count = match &tokens[0] {
TokenTree::Literal(lit) => {
// Unfortunately, `Literal` doesn't have nice methods right now, so
// the easiest way for us to get an integer out of it is to convert
// it into string and parse it again.
if let Ok(count) = lit.to_string().parse::<usize>() {
count
} else {
let msg = format!("expected unsigned integer, found `{}`", lit);
return err(lit.span(), msg);
}
}
other => {
let msg = format!("expected integer literal, found `{}`", other);
return err(other.span(), msg);
}
};
// Return multiple `println` statements.
iter::repeat(quote! { println!("Hello"); })
.map(TokenStream::from)
.take(count)
.collect()
}
/// Report an error with the given `span` and message.
fn err(span: Span, msg: impl Into<String>) -> TokenStream {
let msg = msg.into();
quote_spanned!(span.into()=> {
compile_error!(#msg);
}).into()
}
运行cargo run --example main
将打印三个“ Hello”。