什么表示SEM中的清单变量上的弧形箭头？

Question

我使用lavaan和semplot库进行SEM， 我用包裹lavaan的例子（惠顿的异化稳定性）

lower <-
  '
11.834,
6.947,    9.364,
6.819,    5.091,   12.532,
4.783,    5.028,    7.495,    9.986,
-3.839,   -3.889,   -3.841,   -3.625,   9.610,
-21.899,  -18.831,  -21.748,  -18.775,  35.522,  450.288
'
# convert to a full symmetric covariance matrix with names
wheaton.cov <- getCov(lower, names=c("anomia67","powerless67", "anomia71",
                                     "powerless71","education","sei"))
# the model
wheaton.model <-
  '
# measurement model
ses     =~ education + sei
alien67 =~ anomia67 + powerless67
alien71 =~ anomia71 + powerless71
# equations
alien71 ~ alien67 + ses
alien67 ~ ses
# correlated residuals
anomia67 ~~ anomia71
powerless67 ~~ powerless71'

fit <- sem(wheaton.model, sample.cov=wheaton.cov, sample.nobs=932)

semPaths(fit,whatLables="par",layout = "spring")

我无法理解清楚和潜在变量的准确代表是什么。

Answer 1

这些箭头表示潜在和观察变量的残差。通常称为ψi，i。我想给你一个不错的来源，但只能找到一个presentation，它可以用图形和文字直接显示它。