我正在尝试构建一个用F90编写的模型。我一直遇到问题，特别是在链接阶段。我试图用gfortran和ifort编译它们但是他们都抱怨未定义的符号。这是编译后ifort（gfortran有非常相似的）的错误
ar rs /Users/manfredo/Desktop/ED2/ED/build//ed_2.1-opt.a allometry.o an_header.o average_utils.o bdf2_solver.o budget_utils.o canopy_air_coms.o canopy_layer_coms.o canopy_radiation_coms.o canopy_struct_dynamics.o c34constants.o charutils.o consts_coms.o dateutils.o decomp_coms.o detailed_coms.o disturbance.o disturb_coms.o edio.o ed_1st.o ed_bigleaf_init.o ed_driver.o ed_filelist.o ed_grid.o ed_init.o ed_init_atm.o ed_init_full_history.o ed_load_namelist.o ed_max_dims.o ed_mem_alloc.o ed_mem_grid_dim_defs.o ed_met_driver.o ed_misc_coms.o ed_model.o ed_mpass_init.o ed_nbg_init.o ed_node_coms.o ed_opspec.o ed_params.o ed_para_coms.o ed_para_init.o ed_print.o ed_read_ed10_20_history.o ed_read_ed21_history.o ed_state_vars.o ed_therm_lib.o ed_type_init.o ed_var_tables.o ed_work_vars.o ed_xml_config.o ename_coms.o euler_driver.o events.o farq_leuning.o fatal_error.o fire.o forestry.o fusion_fission_coms.o fuse_fiss_utils.o great_circle.o grid_coms.o growth_balive.o h5_output.o hdf5_coms.o hdf5_utils.o heun_driver.o hybrid_driver.o hydrology_coms.o hydrology_constants.o init_hydro_sites.o invmondays.o landuse_init.o lapse.o leaf_database.o libxml2f90.f90_pp.o lsm_hyd.o mem_polygons.o met_driver_coms.o mortality.o multiple_scatter.o numutils.o old_twostream_rad.o optimiz_coms.o phenology_aux.o phenology_coms.o phenology_driv.o phenology_startup.o photosyn_driv.o physiology_coms.o pft_coms.o radiate_driver.o radiate_utils.o reproduction.o rk4_coms.o rk4_derivs.o rk4_driver.o rk4_integ_utils.o rk4_misc.o rk4_stepper.o rsys.o soil_coms.o soil_respiration.o stable_cohorts.o structural_growth.o therm_lib.o therm_lib8.o twostream_rad.o update_derived_props.o utils_c.o utils_f.o vegetation_dynamics.o
cp -f /Users/manfredo/Desktop/ED2/ED/src/driver/edmain.F90 edmain.F90
ifort -c -DUSE_INTERF=1 -DUSENC=0 -DMAC_OS_X -DUSE_HDF5=1 -DUSE_COLLECTIVE_MPIO=0 -DUSE_MPIWTIME=0 -O0 -gen-interfaces -I/usr/include/malloc -I/Users/manfredo/Desktop/ED2/ED/src/include -I/usr/local/hdf5_mio/include edmain.F90
rm -f edmain.F90
ifort -o /Users/manfredo/Desktop/ED2/ED/build/ed_2.1-opt edmain.o -I/usr/local/hdf5_mio/include/Users/manfredo/Desktop/ED2/ED/build/ed_2.1-opt.a -lm -lz -L/usr/local/hdf5_mio/lib -lhdf5 -lhdf5_fortran -lhdf5_hl
ifort version 14.0.4
ld: warning: path '/dev/null' following -L not a directory
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
"_decomp_coms_mp_cwd_frac_", referenced from:
_init_decomp_params_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(ed_params.o)
_update_polygon_derived_props_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(update_derived_props.o)
_read_ed_xml_config_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(ed_xml_config.o)
_write_ed_xml_config_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(ed_xml_config.o)
_resp_rh_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(soil_respiration.o)
"_decomp_coms_mp_decay_rate_fsc_", referenced from:
_init_decomp_params_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(ed_params.o)
_read_ed_xml_config_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(ed_xml_config.o)
_write_ed_xml_config_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(ed_xml_config.o)
_resp_rh_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(soil_respiration.o)
_update_c_and_n_pools_ in ed_2.1-opt.a(soil_respiration.o)
another bunch of similar errors
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
make[1]: *** [/Users/manfredo/Desktop/ED2/ED/build//ed_2.1-opt] Error 1
make: *** [all] Error 2
文件ed_params.f90读取
subroutine init_decomp_params()
use decomp_coms , only : n_decomp_lim
decomp_coms.f90是一个模块文件。
这是Makefile的重要部分
#----- Define path and compilation --------------------------------------------------------#
include paths.mk
include include.mk.$(OPT)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# Double check that the "LOWO" flags have been set. In case they have not, clone the #
# standard options. LOWO stands for LOWer Optimisation, and these flags are used for a #
# subroutines that are taking several hours to compile with ifort-13 (ed_state_vars.f90 #
# and a few others). #
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
ifeq ($(F_LOWO_OPTS),)
F_LOWO_OPTS = $(F_OPTS)
endif
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#----- Compiler commands. -----------------------------------------------------------------#
INCLUDES = $(PAR_INCS) -I$(ED_INCS) $(HDF5_INCS) $(MPI_INCS)
F90_COMMAND = $(F_COMP) -c $(F_OPTS) $(INCLUDES) $(PAR_DEFS)
F90_LOWO_COMMAND = $(F_COMP) -c $(F_LOWO_OPTS) $(INCLUDES) $(PAR_DEFS)
FPP_COMMAND = $(F_COMP) -c -DUSE_INTERF=$(USE_INTERF) -DUSENC=$(USENC) -D$(CMACH) \
-DUSE_HDF5=$(USE_HDF5) -DUSE_COLLECTIVE_MPIO=$(USE_COLLECTIVE_MPIO) \
-DUSE_MPIWTIME=$(USE_MPIWTIME) $(F_OPTS) $(INCLUDES) $(PAR_DEFS)
FPP_LOWO_COMMAND = $(F_COMP) -c -DUSE_INTERF=$(USE_INTERF) -DUSENC=$(USENC) -D$(CMACH) \
-DUSE_HDF5=$(USE_HDF5) -DUSE_COLLECTIVE_MPIO=$(USE_COLLECTIVE_MPIO) \
-DUSE_MPIWTIME=$(USE_MPIWTIME) $(F_LOWO_OPTS) $(INCLUDES) $(PAR_DEFS)
CXX_COMMAND = $(C_COMP) -c $(C_OPTS) -D$(CMACH) $(HDF5_INCS) $(INCLUDES) $(PAR_DEFS)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#----- Define archive and executable names. -----------------------------------------------#
EXE=$(BASE)/ed_$(ED_VERSION)-$(OPT)
LIBMODEL=$(BASE)/ed_$(ED_VERSION)-$(OPT).a
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
include objects.mk
#----- Define targets. --------------------------------------------------------------------#
all:
make gendep
make $(EXE)
make $(EXE)
make $(EXE)
make $(EXE)
make $(EXE)
gendep:
@echo ""
./generate_deps.sh $(ED_ROOT)
@echo === Finished dependencies ===
$(EXE): $(LIBMODEL) $(MAINOBJ)
@echo ""
$(LOADER) -o $(EXE) edmain.o $(LOADER_OPTS) $(INCLUDES) $(LIBMODEL) $(HDF5_LIBS) \
$(PAR_LIBS) $(NC_LIBS) $(LIBS) $(LOADER_OPTS)
@echo ""
@echo Finished building === $(EXE)
@echo ""
$(MAINOBJ): $(MAIN)
@echo ""
cp -f $< $(<F:.F90=.F90)
$(FPP_COMMAND) $(<F:.F90=.F90)
rm -f $(<F:.F90=.F90)
$(LIBMODEL): $(OBJ_MODEL)
$(ARCHIVE) $(LIBMODEL) $(OBJ_MODEL)
包括以下文件（objects.mk）
#Makefile objects_edofl.mk
# Define main source.
MAIN = $(ED_DRIVER)/edmain.F90
MAINOBJ = edmain.o
# Define objects.
OBJ_MODEL = \
allometry.o \
an_header.o \
average_utils.o \
bdf2_solver.o \
budget_utils.o \
canopy_air_coms.o \
canopy_layer_coms.o \
canopy_radiation_coms.o \
canopy_struct_dynamics.o \
c34constants.o \
charutils.o \
consts_coms.o \
dateutils.o \
decomp_coms.o \
detailed_coms.o \
disturbance.o \
other_objects
和另一个文件（include.mk.opt.macosx）
MAKE=/usr/bin/make
# libraries.
BASE=$(ED_ROOT)/build/
# Activate appropriate parts below, comment out others.
# HDF 5 Libraries
# ED2 HAS OPTIONAL HDF 5 I/O
# If you wish to use this functionality specify USE_HDF5=1
# and specify the location of the include directory
# library files. Make sure you include the zlib.a location too.
USE_HDF5=1
HDF5_INCS=-I/usr/local/hdf5_mio/include
HDF5_LIBS=-lm -lz -L/usr/local/hdf5_mio/lib -lhdf5 -lhdf5_fortran -lhdf5_hl
#---------------------------------------------------------------
# If you have a version of hdf5 compiled in parallel, then you
# may benefit from collective I/O, then use this flag = 1
# Otherwise, set it to zero.
USE_COLLECTIVE_MPIO=0
#---------------------------------------------------------------
# netCDF libraries ---------------------------------------------
# If you have netCDF set USENC=1 and type the lib folder
# at NC_LIBS, with the leading -L (e.g. -L/usr/local/lib).
# If you don't have it, leave USENC=0 and type a dummy
# folder for NC_LIBS (e.g. -L/dev/null or leave it blank)
USENC=0
NC_LIBS=-L/dev/null
# --------------------------------------------------------------
# interface ----------------------------------------------------
# This should be 1 unless you are running with -gen-interfaces.
# Interfaces usually make the compilation to crash when the
# -gen-interfaces option are on, so this flag bypass all
# interfaces in the code.
USE_INTERF=1
# MPI_Wtime. ---------------------------------------------------
# If USE_MPIWTIME=1, then it will use MPI libraries to compute
# the wall time (the only double-precision intrinsic). In case
# you don't have it, leave USE_MPIWTIME=0, in which case it will
# use a simpler, single-precision function.
USE_MPIWTIME=0
#----------------- MAC_OS_X (Leopard) ---- gfortran/gcc ---------------
CMACH=MAC_OS_X
F_COMP=ifort
C_COMP=icc
LOADER=ifort
MOD_EXT=mod
##################################### COMPILER OPTIONS #####################################
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# A. Pickiest - Use this whenever you change arguments on functions and subroutines. #
# This will perform the same tests as B but it will also check whether all #
# arguments match between subroutine declaration and subroutine calls. #
# WARNING: In order to really check all interfaces you must compile with #
# this option twice: #
# 1. Compile (./compile.sh) #
# 2. Prepare second compilation(./2ndcomp.sh) #
# 3. Compile one more time (./compile.sh) #
# If the compilation fails either at step 1 or 3, then your code has inter- #
# face problems. If it successfully compiles, then you can switch to B. #
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#USE_INTERF=0
#F_OPTS=-O0 -Wall -ffpe-trap=invalid,zero,overflow,underflow,precision,denormal \
# -ffree-line-length-none
#C_OPTS=-O0 -DUNDERSCORE -DLITTLE
#LOADER_OPTS=-O0 -ffree-line-length-none
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# E. Fast - This is all about performance, use only when you are sure that the model has #
# no code problem, and you want results asap. This will not check for any #
# problems, which means that this is an option suitable for end users, not de- #
# velopers. #
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
USE_INTERF=1
F_OPTS= -O0 -v
C_OPTS= -DLITTLE -v
F_LOWO_OPTS= -O0
LOADER_OPTS= -ffixed-line-length-none
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#---------------If using scritps 'mpicc' e 'mpif90'---------------'
MPI_PATH=
PAR_INCS=-I/usr/include/malloc
PAR_LIBS=
PAR_DEFS=
#-----------------------------------------------------------------
# For IBM,HP,SGI,ALPHA,LINUX use these:
ARCHIVE=ar rs
# For NEC SX-6
#ARCHIVE=sxar rs
# For SUN,CONVEX
#ARCHIVE=ar r'
在查看源文件时，这些错误有意义，因为大多数子例程都是在没有显式接口的情况下声明的，即没有module和相应的use语句。
问题是该软件包包含数百个文件，并且通过所有文件来更改接口是不可行的。此外，可以在其他平台/编译器上构建相同的包。
因此我的问题是，即使大多数子例程没有显式接口，是否可以为编译器提供启用正确链接的选项。 谢谢你的帮助