前言
所以我最近在Code :: Blocks中编写了c ++编程,最近在尝试编译包含freeglut的项目时遇到了编译问题。我在Windows 8上,我根据code::blocks wiki正确安装了freeglut。我也安装了git bash以及mingw64。问题是我无法编译我的教授(使用freeglut的项目)使用code :: blocks或在gitbash中使用g ++命令编写的源代码。
main.cpp中:
/* Copyright (c) Mark J. Kilgard, 1996. */
/* This program is freely distributable without licensing fees
and is provided without guarantee or warrantee expressed or
implied. This program is -not- in the public domain. */
#include "Graphics.h"
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
setColor(RED);
drawFilledTriangle(0,0,100,100,200,0);
setColor(BLUE);
drawFilledCircle(200,200,150);
glFlush(); /* Single buffered, so needs a flush. */
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
graphicsSetup( argc, argv, &display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
Graphics.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "Graphics.h"
#include <cmath>
const double PI = acos(-1.0);
const double ANGLE_STEP = PI/180.0;
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
if (key == 27)
exit(1);
}
void clearWindow() {
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
}
void setColor(ColorName name) {
switch(name) {
case WHITE: glColor3d(1.0, 1.0, 1.0); break;
case GREY: glColor3d(0.4, 0.4, 0.4); break;
case BLACK: glColor3d(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); break;
case RED: glColor3d(1.0, 0.0, 0.0); break;
case ORANGE: glColor3d(1.0, 0.5, 0.0); break;
case YELLOW: glColor3d(1.0, 1.0, 0.0); break;
case GREEN: glColor3d(0.0, 1.0, 0.0); break;
case FOREST_GREEN: glColor3d(0.0, 0.25, 0.0); break;
case BLUE: glColor3d(0.0, 0.0, 1.0); break;
case CYAN: glColor3d(0.0, 1.0, 1.0); break;
case MIDNIGHT_BLUE: glColor3d(0.0, 0.0, 0.25); break;
case PURPLE: glColor3d(0.5, 0.25, 0.0); break;
case MAGENTA: glColor3d(1.0, 0.0, 1.0); break;
case BROWN: glColor3d(0.36, 0.16, 0.1); break;
default: cerr << "Trying to set invalid color. Color unchanged" << endl;
}
}
void graphicsSetup(int argc, char *argv[], void (*display)()) {
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB);
if (! glutGet(GLUT_DISPLAY_MODE_POSSIBLE))
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_INDEX);
glutInitWindowPosition(50,50);
glutInitWindowSize(640, 480);
glutCreateWindow("single triangle");
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0);
glutDisplayFunc(display);
// set "esc" key to end program
glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
// set coordinates to "normal"
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(0,640,0,480, 1, -1);
}
void drawTriangle(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int x3, int y3) {
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y2);
glVertex2i(x3,y3);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glEnd();
}
void drawFilledTriangle(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int x3, int y3) {
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y2);
glVertex2i(x3,y3);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glEnd();
}
void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y2);
glEnd();
}
void drawBox(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y2);
glVertex2i(x1,y2);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glEnd();
}
void drawFilledBox(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y1);
glVertex2i(x2,y2);
glVertex2i(x1,y2);
glVertex2i(x1,y1);
glEnd();
}
void drawCircle(int x, int y, int radius) {
double angle;
int X, Y;
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (angle=0;angle< 2.0*PI + ANGLE_STEP; angle += ANGLE_STEP) {
X = x + int(double(radius) * cos(angle));
Y = y + int(double(radius) * sin(angle));
glVertex2i(X,Y);
}
glEnd();
}
void drawFilledCircle(int x, int y, int radius) {
double angle;
int X0, Y0, X1, Y1;
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
X1 = x + radius;
Y1 = y;
for (angle=0;angle< 2.0*PI + ANGLE_STEP; angle += ANGLE_STEP) {
X0 = X1;
Y0 = Y1;
X1 = x + int(double(radius) * cos(angle));
Y1 = y + int(double(radius) * sin(angle));
glVertex2i(x,y);
glVertex2i(X0,Y0);
glVertex2i(X1,Y1);
}
glEnd();
}
有Graphics.h
#include <GL/glut.h>
// set the pre-defined colors
enum ColorName {
WHITE,
GREY,
BLACK,
RED,
ORANGE,
YELLOW,
GREEN,
FOREST_GREEN,
BLUE,
MIDNIGHT_BLUE,
CYAN,
PURPLE,
MAGENTA,
BROWN,
NUM_COLORS
};
void clearWindow();
void setColor(ColorName name);
void graphicsSetup(int argc, char *argv[], void (*display)());
// graphic object primatives
void drawTriangle(int x1, int y1,int x2,int y2,int x3,int y3);
void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
void drawBox(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2); // x-y coords of upper-right and lower-left corners
void drawCircle(int x, int y, int radius);
// filled graphics primatives
void drawFilledTriangle(int x1, int y1,int x2,int y2,int x3,int y3);
void drawFilledBox(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
void drawFilledCircle(int x, int y, int radius);
生成文件
TARGET = test.exe
CXX = c:\usr\local\mingw32\bin\g++.exe
FILES = main.cpp Graphics.cpp
OBJS = $(FILES:.cpp=.o)
GINCS = -I/usr/local/include/GL
GLIBS = -L/usr/local/lib -lfreeglut -lglu32 -lopengl32 -Wl,--subsystem,windows
all: $(TARGET)
$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
$(CXX) -o $(TARGET) $(OBJS) $(GLIBS)
%.o: %.cpp
$(CXX) -c $< -o $@ $(GINCS)
clean:
del $(TARGET) $(OBJS)
在GIT中编译
我cd
进入包含main.cpp ; Graphics.cpp ; Graphics.h ; makefile
的目录。
然后我运行make
并获得以下内容,即使我已将所有freeglut lib,include和bin内容文件添加到C:\ usr \ local \ mingw32下的正确目录中(inlcude \ ,lib \ n,bin)和GL \ glut.h在那里确定...
$ make c:\usr\local\mingw32\bin\g++.exe -c main.cpp -o main.o -I/usr/local/include/GL In file included from main.cpp:7:0: Graphics.h:1:21: fatal error: GL/glut.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated. makefile:16: recipe for target 'main.o' failed make: *** [main.o] Error 1
编译代码:: BLOCKS
main.cpp ; Graphics.h ; Graphics.cpp
C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `_imp____glutInitWithExit@12' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `_imp____glutCreateWindowWithExit@8' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `_imp____glutCreateMenuWithExit@8' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `glClear@4' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `setColor(ColorName)' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `drawFilledTriangle(int, int, int, int, int, int)' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `setColor(ColorName)' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `drawFilledCircle(int, int, int)' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `glFlush@0' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `graphicsSetup(int, char**, void (*)())' C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\C++Projects\cosc1337.code\GraphicsLib\examples\ex4\main.o:main.cpp|| undefined reference to `_imp__glutMainLoop@0' === Build failed: 11 error(s), 0 warning(s) (0 minute(s), 0 second(s)) ===
build and run
时,上面的内容与上面相同,我得到了与以前相同的错误,但是创建了Graphics.o。包装:
在使用code :: blocks创建目标文件之后,我可以继续使用gitbash并运行makefile来链接它们,它确实创建了一个可以运行的工作test.exe并查看我的位置在哪里,但我感到困惑和沮丧,我不能只使用代码::块或只是git,因为这样做会使代码调整花费不合理的时间来获得满意,并且肯定会在以后导致问题< / em>的
修改
我写过的所有其他Programs以及“你好世界”#39;编译时没有问题代码:: blocks和gitbash。
答案 0 :(得分:1)
使用Makefile
构建项目包含两个步骤:
可以使用纯cmd
控制台中的MinGW来完成。唯一的要求是将PATH
变量设置为指向MinGW二进制文件。它只能在本地完成,例如:
PATH=c:\MinGW\mingw-w64\i686-5.1.0-posix-dwarf-rt_v4-rev0\mingw32\bin;%PATH%
假设二进制freeglut 3.0.0 MinGW Package被解压缩到文件夹c:\freeglut
。
::compilation
g++ -c main.cpp -o main.o -I"c:\freeglut\include"
g++ -c Graphics.cpp -o Graphics.o -I"c:\freeglut\include"
::linkage
g++ Graphics.o main.o -o test -L"c:\freeglut\lib" -lfreeglut -lglu32 -lopengl32 -Wl,--subsystem,windows
在编译期间生成main.o
和Graphics.o
个目标文件。
在您的情况下,错误在此步骤。它与标题路径有关。通过列出gitbash
,检查/usr/local/include/
路径ls /usr/local/include/
确实存在。如果存在则请注意,在源文件中,标题包含在GL/glut.h
中,GL
中也包含GINCS
目录。如果标头路径为/usr/local/include/GL/glut.h
,则会出错。因此,请从GL
中删除GINCS
。
链接步骤生成目标test.exe
二进制文件。
可以调整Code :: Blocks IDE,使GLUT项目模板与freeglue
中的Glut32
一起使用。
只需在向导脚本freeglut
和项目模板glut\wizard.script
中将glut.cbp
替换为GLUT project
。
现在可以使用glut
预设创建新项目。它只会问你main.cpp
路径。然后Code :: Blocks自动创建配置了所需编译器选项(标头路径)和链接器选项(路径和库)的项目。它还为GLUT project
文件提供了可以按原样编译的基本示例。
看起来您创建的不是Project build options
而是一个常规的空应用程序项目。要使其工作,您需要配置Search directories
:
Compiler
:在c:\freeglut\include
标签(Linker
)和c:\freeglut\lib
标签(Linker settings
)中添加路径; l
:添加不含freeglut
前缀(glu32
,opengl32
,-
)的所需库名称。答案 1 :(得分:0)
在您的make文件中,我看到您正在使用-lfreeglut
之类的标记进行链接。我使用linux,我记得必须把所有的l都放在我的linux链接选项前面。尝试使用-freeglut
等。为了其他人。
在code :: blocks中,您可以转到Project>Build
选项添加glut32.lib,然后转到linker
标签。点击add
下的link libraries
。然后给它路径.lib文件。一定不要使用相对路径。你想要文字路径。
我唯一的另一个建议是#include <windows.h>
。通常当你得到大量这样的未定义引用时,它就是某种链接错误。