假设我想向Scala map
添加List
等功能,这些内容与list mapmap f
一致,它将函数f
应用于list
的每个元素。 1}}两次。 (一个更严重的例子可能是实现并行或分布式地图,但我不想因为那个方向的细节而分心。)
我的第一种方法是
object MapMap {
implicit def createFancyList[A](list: List[A]) = new Object {
def mapmap(f: A => A): List[A] = { list map { a: A => f(f(a)) } }
}
}
现在效果很好
scala> import MapMap._
import MapMap._
scala> List(1,2,3) mapmap { _ + 1 }
res1: List[Int] = List(3, 4, 5)
当然除了List
之外,我们没有理由不希望这个适用于任何Traverseable
,map
功能,例如Set
或Stream
。所以第二次尝试看起来像是
object MapMap2 {
implicit def createFancyTraversable[A](t: Traversable[A]) = new Object {
def mapmap(f: A => A): Traversable[A] = { t map { a: A => f(f(a)) } }
}
}
但是现在,当然,结果无法分配给List[A]
:
scala> import MapMap2._
import MapMap2._
scala> val r: List[Int] = List(1,2,3) mapmap { _ + 1 }
<console>:9: error: type mismatch;
found : Traversable[Int]
required: List[Int]
有中间立场吗?我可以编写一个隐式转换,将方法添加到Traversable的所有子类,并成功返回具有该类型的对象吗?
(我猜这涉及了解可怕的CanBuildFrom
特征,甚至可能breakout
!)
答案 0 :(得分:11)
您无法对所有Traversable执行此操作,因为它们不保证map返回比Traversable更具体的内容。 请参阅下面的更新2.
import collection.generic.CanBuildFrom
import collection.TraversableLike
class TraversableW[CC[X] <: TraversableLike[X, CC[X]], A](value: CC[A]) {
def mapmap(f: A => A)(implicit cbf: CanBuildFrom[CC[A], A, CC[A]]): CC[A]
= value.map(f andThen f)
def mapToString(implicit cbf: CanBuildFrom[CC[A], String, CC[String]]): CC[String]
= value.map(_.toString)
}
object TraversableW {
implicit def TraversableWTo[CC[X] <: TraversableLike[X, CC[X]], A](t: CC[A]): TraversableW[CC, A]
= new TraversableW[CC, A](t)
}
locally {
import TraversableW._
List(1).mapmap(1+)
List(1).mapToString
// The static type of Seq is preserved, *and* the dynamic type of List is also
// preserved.
assert((List(1): Seq[Int]).mapmap(1+) == List(3))
}
<强>更新强>
我添加了另一个pimped方法mapToString
来演示为什么TraversableW
接受两个类型参数,而不是像Alexey的解决方案中的一个参数。参数CC
是更高的kinded类型,它表示原始集合的容器类型。第二个参数A
表示原始集合的元素类型。因此,方法mapToString
能够返回具有不同元素类型的原始容器类型:CC[String
。
更新2
感谢@oxbow_lakes的评论,我已经重新考虑了这一点。确实可以直接pimp CC[X] <: Traversable[X]
,TraversableLike
并非严格需要。评论内联:
import collection.generic.CanBuildFrom
import collection.TraversableLike
class TraversableW[CC[X] <: Traversable[X], A](value: CC[A]) {
/**
* A CanBuildFromInstance based purely the target element type `Elem`
* and the target container type `CC`. This can be converted to a
* `CanBuildFrom[Source, Elem, CC[Elem]` for any type `Source` by
* `collection.breakOut`.
*/
type CanBuildTo[Elem, CC[X]] = CanBuildFrom[Nothing, Elem, CC[Elem]]
/**
* `value` is _only_ known to be a `Traversable[A]`. This in turn
* turn extends `TraversableLike[A, Traversable[A]]`. The signature
* of `TraversableLike#map` requires an implicit `CanBuildFrom[Traversable[A], B, That]`,
* specifically in the call below `CanBuildFrom[Traversable[A], A CC[A]`.
*
* Essentially, the specific type of the source collection is not known in the signature
* of `map`.
*
* This cannot be directly found instead we look up a `CanBuildTo[A, CC[A]]` and
* convert it with `collection.breakOut`
*
* In the first example that referenced `TraversableLike[A, CC[A]]`, `map` required a
* `CanBuildFrom[CC[A], A, CC[A]]` which could be found.
*/
def mapmap(f: A => A)(implicit cbf: CanBuildTo[A, CC]): CC[A]
= value.map[A, CC[A]](f andThen f)(collection.breakOut)
def mapToString(implicit cbf: CanBuildTo[String, CC]): CC[String]
= value.map[String, CC[String]](_.toString)(collection.breakOut)
}
object TraversableW {
implicit def TraversableWTo[CC[X] <: Traversable[X], A](t: CC[A]): TraversableW[CC, A]
= new TraversableW[CC, A](t)
}
locally {
import TraversableW._
assert((List(1)).mapmap(1+) == List(3))
// The static type of `Seq` has been preserved, but the dynamic type of `List` was lost.
// This is a penalty for using `collection.breakOut`.
assert((List(1): Seq[Int]).mapmap(1+) == Seq(3))
}
有什么区别?我们必须使用collection.breakOut
,因为我们无法从Traversable[A]
恢复特定的集合子类型。
def map[B, That](f: A => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
val b = bf(repr)
b.sizeHint(this)
for (x <- this) b += f(x)
b.result
}
使用原始集合初始化Builder
b
,这是通过map
保留动态类型的机制。但是,我们CanBuildFrom
通过类型参数Nothing
否认了对 From 的所有了解。使用Nothing
所能做的就是忽略它,这正是breakOut
所做的:
def breakOut[From, T, To](implicit b : CanBuildFrom[Nothing, T, To]) =
new CanBuildFrom[From, T, To] {
def apply(from: From) = b.apply();
def apply() = b.apply()
}
我们无法拨打b.apply(from)
,只能拨打def foo(a: Nothing) = 0
。
答案 1 :(得分:5)
作为一般规则,当您想要返回具有相同类型的对象时,您需要TraversableLike
(IterableLike
,SeqLike
等)而不是Traversable
。这是我可以提出的最通用的版本(单独的FancyTraversable
类是为了避免推断结构类型和反射命中):
class FancyTraversable[A, S <: TraversableLike[A, S]](t: S) {
def mapmap(f: A => A)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[S,A,S]): S = { t map { a: A => f(f(a)) } }
}
implicit def createFancyTraversable[A, S <: TraversableLike[A, S]](t: S): FancyTraversable[A, S] = new FancyTraversable(t)