我有一个class1需要继承2个不同的元类,即Meta1和abc.ABCMeta
目前的实施:
Meta1的实施:
class Meta1(type):
def __new__(cls, classname, parent, attr):
new_class = type.__new__(cls, classname, parent, attr)
return super(Meta1, cls).__new__(cls, classname, parent, attr)
class1Abstract的实现
class class1Abstract(object):
__metaclass__ = Meta1
__metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
实现mainclass
class mainClass(class1Abstract):
# do abstract method stuff
我知道两次实施2个不同的元数是错误的。
我改变了加载metclass的方式(几次尝试),我得到了这个 TypeError:调用元类库时出错
metaclass conflict: the metaclass of a derived class must be a (non-strict) subclass of the metaclasses of all its bases
我没有想法......
EDITED 1
我尝试了这个解决方案,但是mainClass不是class1Abstract的实例
print issubclass(mainClass, class1Abstract) # true
print isinstance(mainClass, class1Abstract) # false
class1Abstract的实现
class TestMeta(Meta1):
pass
class AbcMeta(object):
__metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
pass
class CombineMeta(AbcMeta, TestMeta):
pass
class class1Abstract(object):
__metaclass__ = CombineMeta
@abc.abstractmethod
def do_shared_stuff(self):
pass
@abc.abstractmethod
def test_method(self):
''' test method '''
mainClass的实现
class mainClass(class1Abstract):
def do_shared_stuff(self):
print issubclass(mainClass, class1Abstract) # True
print isinstance(mainClass, class1Abstract) # False
由于mainClass继承自抽象类,因此python应该抱怨test_method没有在mainClass中实现。但它并没有抱怨任何东西,因为print isinstance(mainClass,class1Abstract)#False
dir(mainClass)
没有
['__abstractmethods__', '_abc_cache', '_abc_negative_cache', '_abc_negative_cache_version', '_abc_registry']
HELP!
EDITED 2
class1Abstract的实现
CombineMeta = type("CombineMeta", (abc.ABCMeta, Meta1), {})
class class1Abstract(object):
__metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
@abc.abstractmethod
def do_shared_stuff(self):
pass
@abc.abstractmethod
def test_method(self):
''' test method '''
mainClass的实现
class mainClass(class1Abstract):
__metaclass__ = CombineMeta
def do_shared_stuff(self):
print issubclass(mainClass, class1Abstract) # True
print isinstance(mainClass, class1Abstract) # False
dir(mainClass)
现在有抽象方法的魔术方法
['__abstractmethods__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_abc_cache', '_abc_negative_cache', '_abc_negative_cache_version', '_abc_registry', 'do_shared_stuff', 'test_method']
但是python并没有警告test_method没有被实例化
HELP!
答案 0 :(得分:12)
在Python中,每个类只能有一个元类,而不是很多。但是,通过混合这些元类做,可以实现类似的行为(如果它有多个元类)。
让我们开始吧。我们自己的元类只是为类添加了新属性:
class SampleMetaClass(type):
"""Sample metaclass: adds `sample` attribute to the class"""
def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct):
dct['sample'] = 'this a sample class attribute'
return super(SampleMetaClass, cls).__new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct)
class MyClass(object):
__metaclass__ = SampleMetaClass
print("SampleMetaClass was mixed in!" if 'sample' in MyClass.__dict__ else "We've had a problem here")
这打印" SampleMetaClass混合在!",所以我们知道我们的基本元类工作正常。
现在,另一方面,我们想要一个抽象类,最简单的就是:
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class AbstractClass(object):
__metaclass__ = ABCMeta
@abstractmethod
def implement_me(self):
pass
class IncompleteImplementor(AbstractClass):
pass
class MainClass(AbstractClass):
def implement_me(self):
return "correct implementation in `MainClass`"
try:
IncompleteImplementor()
except TypeError as terr:
print("missing implementation in `IncompleteImplementor`")
MainClass().implement_me()
这打印了IncompleteImplementor
"中缺少的实现。随后在MainClass
"中正确实施。所以,抽象类也可以正常工作。
现在,我们有2个简单的实现,我们需要将两个元类的行为混合在一起。这里有多种选择。
选项1 - 继承
可以将SampleMetaClass
实现为ABCMeta
的子类 - 元类也是类,可以使用它们!
class SampleMetaABC(ABCMeta):
"""Same as SampleMetaClass, but also inherits ABCMeta behaviour"""
def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct):
dct['sample'] = 'this a sample class attribute'
return super(SampleMetaABC, cls).__new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct)
现在,我们更改了AbstractClass
定义中的元类:
class AbstractClass(object):
__metaclass__ = SampleMetaABC
@abstractmethod
def implement_me(self):
pass
# IncompleteImplementor and MainClass implementation is the same, but make sure to redeclare them if you use same interpreter from the previous test
再次运行我们的测试:
try:
IncompleteImplementor()
except TypeError as terr:
print("missing implementation in `IncompleteImplementor`")
MainClass().implement_me()
print("sample was added!" if 'sample' in IncompleteImplementor.__dict__ else "We've had a problem here")
print("sample was added!" if 'sample' in MainClass.__dict__ else "We've had a problem here")
这仍然会打印IncompleteImplementor
未正确实现,MainClass
是,并且现在都添加了sample
类级别属性。这里要注意的是,Sample
元类的一部分也成功地应用于IncompleteImplementor
(好吧,没有理由它也不会)。
正如预期的那样,isinstance
和issubclass
仍然可以正常工作:
print(issubclass(MainClass, AbstractClass)) # True, inheriting from AbtractClass
print(isinstance(MainClass, AbstractClass)) # False as expected - AbstractClass is a base class, not a metaclass
print(isinstance(MainClass(), AbstractClass)) # True, now created an instance here
选项2 - 撰写元类
事实上,问题本身就有这个选项,它只需要一个小修复。将新的元类声明为几个更简单的元类的组合,以混合它们的行为:
SampleMetaWithAbcMixin = type('SampleMetaWithAbcMixin', (ABCMeta, SampleMetaClass), {})
如前所述,更改AbstractClass
的元类(并再次,IncompleteImplementor
和MainClass
不要更改,但如果在同一个解释器中,则重新声明它们:
class AbstractClass(object):
__metaclass__ = SampleMetaWithAbcMixin
@abstractmethod
def implement_me(self):
pass
从这里开始,运行相同的测试应该会产生相同的结果:ABCMeta
仍然有效,并确保@abstractmethod
- 已实现,SampleMetaClass
添加了sample
属性。
我个人更喜欢后一个选项,原因与我通常更喜欢组合到继承的原因相同:多个(元)类之间最终需要的组合越多 - 组合就越简单。
有关元类的更多信息
最后,我读过的对于元类的最佳解释是这个答案: What is a metaclass in Python?
答案 1 :(得分:7)
默认情况下,python只会在尝试实例化类时抱怨该类具有抽象方法,而不是在创建类时。这是因为类的元类仍然是ABCMeta
(或其子类型),因此允许使用抽象方法。
要获得您想要的内容,您需要编写自己的元类,当它发现__abstractmethods__
不为空时会引发错误。这样,您必须明确说明何时不再允许类抽象方法。
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class YourMeta(type):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(YourMeta, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
print "YourMeta.__init__"
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
newcls = super(YourMeta, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
print "YourMeta.__new__"
return newcls
class ConcreteClassMeta(ABCMeta):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ConcreteClassMeta, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if self.__abstractmethods__:
raise TypeError("{} has not implemented abstract methods {}".format(
self.__name__, ", ".join(self.__abstractmethods__)))
class CombinedMeta(ConcreteClassMeta, YourMeta):
pass
class AbstractBase(object):
__metaclass__ = ABCMeta
@abstractmethod
def f(self):
raise NotImplemented
try:
class ConcreteClass(AbstractBase):
__metaclass__ = CombinedMeta
except TypeError as e:
print "Couldn't create class --", e
class ConcreteClass(AbstractBase):
__metaclass__ = CombinedMeta
def f(self):
print "ConcreteClass.f"
assert hasattr(ConcreteClass, "__abstractmethods__")
c = ConcreteClass()
c.f()
哪个输出:
YourMeta.__new__
YourMeta.__init__
Couldn't create class -- ConcreteClass has not implemented abstract methods f
YourMeta.__new__
YourMeta.__init__
ConcreteClass.f
答案 2 :(得分:0)
无需设置两个元类:Meta1
应继承自abc.ABCMeta
。
答案 3 :(得分:0)
在您的EDITED代码(1和2)中,您差不多完成了。唯一错误的是你如何使用isinstance
。您想要检查类实例(在本例中为self
)是否是给定类(class1Abstract
)的实例。例如:
class mainClass(class1Abstract):
def do_shared_stuff(self):
print issubclass(mainClass, class1Abstract) # True
print isinstance(self, class1Abstract) # True