从这个SQL语句中,我试图理解pkey的使用,我们已经将复合键作为主键,有人可以解释一下。
CREATE TABLE categories_products (
category_id int unsigned not null,
product_id int unsigned not null,
PRIMARY KEY (category_id, product_id),
KEY pkey (product_id),
FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES categories (id)
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products (id)
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
);
答案 0 :(得分:0)
通过扩展说明,并从你的例子开始:
首先,让我们设置环境:
mysql>
mysql> create table categories_products (
-> category_id int unsigned not null,
-> product_id int unsigned not null,
-> somefield varchar(25),
-> primary key (category_id, product_id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert into categories_products(category_id, product_id) values (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
我已经删除了外键,因为它们对此没有任何影响,并且我添加了一个额外的字段,因为它使结果更容易解释。我会在之后进行扩展。
首先我们尝试查询特定类别:
mysql> explain select * from categories_products where category_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | categories_products | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 2 | |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
我们可以从结果中看到它确实使用PRIMARY
密钥,并且只检查2
行,因为索引知道所有匹配where
的行约束。
我们的下一个测试会同时查询产品和类别:
mysql> explain select * from categories_products where category_id = 1 and product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | categories_products | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
再一次我们可以看到PRIMARY键正在被使用,但这次更好,它只返回一行。
接下来,让我们试着看一下产品:
mysql> explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | categories_products | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
这一次,查询无法找到合适的索引,因此必须使用where
缩小结果范围。这比能够执行索引查找效率低。
为什么会这样?为什么优化器使用category_id
而不是product_id
,即使它们都在复合索引中?因为MySQL从左到右读取索引。考虑一个大的综合索引(f1, f2, f3, f4)
。这隐式地允许您访问这些附加索引(f1)
,(f1, f2)
,(f1, f2, f3)
。
现在让我们在那里添加你的pkey索引,看看会发生什么。
mysql> create index pkey on categories_products(product_id);
explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql>
mysql> explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | categories_products | ref | pkey | pkey | 4 | const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+-------+
我们去了,现在也可以使用索引执行与之前相同的查询。
现在为什么我添加了一个额外的字段。当主键覆盖整个表时,就像在这种情况下一样,任何查询都将从索引而不是表中读取整个结果,这可能会在解释结果中给出一些误导性的条目。例如,如果我删除该附加字段和pkey索引,并重新运行查询,则结果如下:
mysql> explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | categories_products | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 3 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
现在乍一看似乎正在使用PRIMARY索引,但经过仔细研究后,我们看到它仍在检查整个表格(3行),并用where
限制结果,以及索引。
无论如何,这就是你需要product_id