pql在mysql数据库表中

时间:2015-05-21 04:51:05

标签: mysql sql database

从这个SQL语句中,我试图理解pkey的使用,我们已经将复合键作为主键,有人可以解释一下。

CREATE TABLE categories_products (
    category_id int unsigned not null,
    product_id int unsigned not null,
    PRIMARY KEY (category_id, product_id),
    KEY pkey (product_id),
    FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES categories (id)
       ON DELETE CASCADE
       ON UPDATE CASCADE,
    FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products (id)
       ON DELETE CASCADE
       ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:0)

通过扩展说明,并从你的例子开始:

首先,让我们设置环境:

mysql>
mysql> create table categories_products (
    ->   category_id int unsigned not null,
    ->   product_id int unsigned not null,
    ->   somefield varchar(25),
    ->   primary key (category_id, product_id)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)

mysql>
mysql> insert into categories_products(category_id, product_id) values (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

我已经删除了外键,因为它们对此没有任何影响,并且我添加了一个额外的字段,因为它使结果更容易解释。我会在之后进行扩展。

首先我们尝试查询特定类别:

mysql> explain select * from categories_products where category_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table               | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | categories_products | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    2 |       |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

我们可以从结果中看到它确实使用PRIMARY密钥,并且只检查2行,因为索引知道所有匹配where的行约束。

我们的下一个测试会同时查询产品和类别:

mysql> explain select * from categories_products where category_id = 1 and product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref         | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | categories_products | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 8       | const,const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

再一次我们可以看到PRIMARY键正在被使用,但这次更好,它只返回一行。

接下来,让我们试着看一下产品:

mysql> explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | categories_products | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

这一次,查询无法找到合适的索引,因此必须使用where缩小结果范围。这比能够执行索引查找效率低。

为什么会这样?为什么优化器使用category_id而不是product_id,即使它们都在复合索引中?因为MySQL从左到右读取索引。考虑一个大的综合索引(f1, f2, f3, f4)。这隐式地允许您访问这些附加索引(f1)(f1, f2)(f1, f2, f3)

现在让我们在那里添加你的pkey索引,看看会发生什么。

mysql> create index pkey on categories_products(product_id);
explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql>
mysql> explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table               | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | categories_products | ref  | pkey          | pkey | 4       | const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+-------+

我们去了,现在也可以使用索引执行与之前相同的查询。

现在为什么我添加了一个额外的字段。当主键覆盖整个表时,就像在这种情况下一样,任何查询都将从索引而不是表中读取整个结果,这可能会在解释结果中给出一些误导性的条目。例如,如果我删除该附加字段和pkey索引,并重新运行查询,则结果如下:

mysql> explain select * from categories_products where product_id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | categories_products | index | NULL          | PRIMARY | 8       | NULL |    3 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

现在乍一看似乎正在使用PRIMARY索引,但经过仔细研究后,我们看到它仍在检查整个表格(3行),并用where限制结果,以及索引。

无论如何,这就是你需要product_id

上的索引的原因