尽管我的函数返回一个数组，但我收到TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable错误。我首先定义类，然后插入函数。
我对Python比较陌生，并且非常感谢任何帮助/评论。
课程是：
from scipy import array, dot, zeros, empty
from scipy.optimize import brentq
from numpy import *
from numpy.random import uniform
from time import time
# from mpi4py import MPI
class UtilTheory:
"""
"""
def utility(self, other):
raise NotImplementedError("You need to implement method 'utility' "
"in the child class.")
def demand(self, p):
raise NotImplementedError("You need to implement method 'demand' "
"in the child class.")
def excessDemand(self, p):
p = array(p)
return self.demand(p) - self.endowment
def indUtility(self, p):
x = self.demand(p)
return self.utility(x)
def __add__(self, other):
economy = Economy([self, other])
return economy
def __radd__(self, other):
economy = Economy([self] + other)
def __rmul__(self, other):
economy = Economy(other * [self])
return economy
class Consumer(UtilTheory, object):
"""
Defines general features of a consumer
"""
def __init__(self, endowment=array([1,1]), alpha=0.5, rho=0.0):
self.endowment = array(endowment)
self.alpha = float(alpha)
self.rho = rho
self.sigma = 1.0 / (1.0 - rho)
def __str__(self):
return ('e=' + str(self.endowment) +
', alpha=' + str(self.alpha) +
', rho=' + str(self.rho))
def demand(self, p):
endowment = self.endowment
alpha = self.alpha
sigma = self.sigma
p = array(p)
m = dot(endowment, p)
x1 = ((alpha / p[0]) ** sigma * m /
(alpha ** sigma * p[0] ** (1 - sigma) +
(1 - alpha) ** sigma * p[1] ** (1 - sigma)))
x2 = (((1.0 - alpha) / p[1]) ** sigma * m /
(alpha ** sigma * p[0] ** (1 - sigma) +
(1 - alpha) ** sigma * p[1] ** (1 - sigma)))
return array([x1, x2])
def utility(self, x):
if self.rho != 0:
return ((self.alpha * x[0] ** self.rho +
(1.0 - self.alpha) * x[1] ** self.rho) **
(1.0 / self.rho))
return x[0] ** self.alpha * x[1] ** (1.0 - self.alpha)
class Economy:
"""
Consists of consumers
"""
def __init__(self, consumers):
"""
Consumers should be a list of consumers
"""
self.consumers = consumers
def excessDemand(self, p):
result = zeros(2)
for consumer in self.consumers:
result = result + consumer.excessDemand(p)
return result
def demand(self, p):
result = zeros(2)
for consumer in self.consumers:
result = result + consumer.demand(p)
return result
def excessDemandGood0(self, p0):
p = array([p0, 1.0 - p0])
result = 0
for consumer in self.consumers:
result = result + consumer.excessDemand(p)[0]
return result
def __add__(self,other):
try:
return Economy(self.consumers + other.consumers)
except:
return Economy(self.consumers + [other])
def numEquilibria(self, n=100):
# p = array([p0, 1 - p0])
q = linspace(0, 1, n)
result = empty(len(q))
#print result
for i, p0 in enumerate(q):
a = self.excessDemandGood0(p0)
#print a
result[i] = a
index = zeros(len(q))
for i in range(1, 2):
if result[i] <= 0:
index[i - 1] = 1
else:
index[i - 1] = 0
for i in range(2, n - 1):
test=result[i - 1] * result[i]
#print test
if test <= 0:
index[i - 1] = 1
else:
index[i - 1] = 0
for i in range(n - 2, n - 1):
if result[i] > 0:
index[i - 1] = 1
else:
index[i - 1] = 0
count = sum(index)
# print "The number of equilibria is"
return count
# print "Excess Demand funciton on the grid:"
# print result
# print "Index when excess demand goes from possitive to negative"
# print index
def __rmul__(self, other):
economy = Economy(other * self.consumers)
return economy
def equilibrium(self, startbracket=None):
def g(x):
return self.excessDemandGood0(x)
if startbracket == None:
startbracket = [1e-10, 1-1e-10]
eqPrice1 = brentq(g, startbracket[0], startbracket[1])
return array([eqPrice1, 1 - eqPrice1])
def __len__(self):
return len(self.consumers)
def __str__(self):
resultString = 'Economy with ' + str(len(self)) + ' consumers.\n'
for consumer in self.consumers:
resultString = resultString + str(consumer) + '\n'
return resultString
我在实现调用stats()的{{1}}函数时遇到错误：
randomEconEq()在实现函数def randomEcon(e1=[1, 0], e2=[0, 1], iterate_max=100):
rho1 = random.uniform(-8, -1)
rho2 = random.uniform(-8, -1)
alpha1 = random.uniform(0, 1)
alpha2 = random.uniform(0, 1)
x = Consumer(endowment=e1, alpha=alpha1, rho=rho1)
y = Consumer(endowment=e2, alpha=alpha2, rho=rho2)
econ = Economy([x, y])
return econ
def randomEconEq(iterate_max=100):
iterate = 0
eq_vec = []
start = time()
while iterate < iterate_max:
iterate += 1
econ = randomEcon()
equilibria = econ.numEquilibria()
eq_vec.append(equilibria)
# print eq_vec
if (econ.numEquilibria() > 1):
print "Number of multiple equilibria is " + \
str(econ.numEquilibria())
print str(econ)
print str(eq_vec)
end = time()
totaltime = end - start
#print('Total Time is ' + str(totaltime))
return eq_vec
def stats(eq_vec, iterate_max):
one_eq = zeros(len(eq_vec))
three_eq = zeros(len(eq_vec))
five_eq = zeros(len(eq_vec))
more_eq = zeros(len(eq_vec))
# print (eq_vec)
for i in range(len(eq_vec)):
if eq_vec[i] == 1:
one_eq[i] = 1
if eq_vec[i] == 3:
three_eq[i] = 1
if eq_vec[i] == 5:
five_eq[i] = 1
if eq_vec[i] > 5:
more_eq[i] = 1
Eq1 = sum(one_eq)
Eq3 = sum(three_eq)
Eq5 = sum(five_eq)
EqMore = sum(more_eq)
prob1 = float((Eq1 / iterate_max) * 100)
prob3 = float((Eq3 / iterate_max) * 100)
prob5 = float((Eq5 / iterate_max) * 100)
probMore = float((EqMore/iterate_max) * 100)
print ('The Vector of the number of equililbria is:' + str(eq_vec))
print ('Probability of 1 equilibrium is (percent) ' + str(prob1))
print ('Probability of 3 equilibria is (percent) ' + str(prob3))
print ('Probability of 5 equilibria is (percent) ' + str(prob5))
print ('Probability of 1 equilibria is (percent) ' + str(probMore))
eq_vec = randomEconEq(100)
stats(eq_vec, 100)
时，错误出现在最后两行代码中。
创建错误的示例是：
stats()完整的追溯是：
stats(randomEconEq(100), 100)