我正在尝试将Espresso 2添加到我的项目中（它还有许多其他依赖项），但是在尝试运行测试时我遇到了这个错误：
UNEXPECTED TOP-LEVEL EXCEPTION:
com.android.dex.DexException: Multiple dex files define Landroid/support/test/BuildConfig;
at com.android.dx.merge.DexMerger.readSortableTypes(DexMerger.java:596)
at com.android.dx.merge.DexMerger.getSortedTypes(DexMerger.java:554)
at com.android.dx.merge.DexMerger.mergeClassDefs(DexMerger.java:535)
...
非测试版本运行正常。
有没有人有关于调试此方法的最佳方法的任何提示？
我尝试过运行./gradlew -q :<my_project>:dependencies，但我看不出任何明显的问题（虽然我对解释其输出知之甚少）：
<snip>
androidTestCompile - Classpath for compiling the androidTest sources.
+--- com.squareup.spoon:spoon-client:1.1.2
+--- com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker-mockito:1.0
| +--- com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.0
| \--- org.mockito:mockito-core:1.9.5
| +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| \--- org.objenesis:objenesis:1.0
+--- com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.0
+--- org.mockito:mockito-core:1.9.5 (*)
+--- com.jayway.android.robotium:robotium-solo:5.3.1
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.0
| +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
| +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
| +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.0
| +--- com.android.support.test:testing-support-lib:0.1
| | \--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
| +--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
\--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
+--- junit:junit-dep:4.10 (*)
+--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
\--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
<snip>
compile - Classpath for compiling the main sources.
+--- com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.1.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.1.0
+--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0 (*)
+--- com.afollestad:material-dialogs:0.7.2.4
| +--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
| +--- com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
| +--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0
| \--- com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:22.0.0
| +--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0
+--- com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:7.0.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
+--- com.google.android.gms:play-services-gcm:7.0.0
| \--- com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:7.0.0 (*)
+--- de.greenrobot:greendao:1.3.7
+--- de.greenrobot:eventbus:2.2.0
+--- com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:1.4.0
| \--- com.squareup.okio:okio:0.6.0 -> 1.0.1
+--- com.squareup.okio:okio:1.0.1
+--- com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp-urlconnection:2.0.0
| \--- com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp:2.0.0
| \--- com.squareup.okio:okio:1.0.0 -> 1.0.1
+--- com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:1.6.0
| \--- com.google.code.gson:gson:2.2.4
+--- com.squareup.retrofit:converter-wire:1.6.0
| +--- com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:1.6.0 (*)
| \--- com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:1.2.0 -> 1.4.0 (*)
+--- com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp:2.0.0 (*)
+--- com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.4.0
+--- com.path:android-priority-jobqueue:1.1.2
| \--- com.google.android:android:2.2.1
| +--- commons-logging:commons-logging:1.1.1
| +--- org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.0.1
| | +--- org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.0.1
| | +--- commons-logging:commons-logging:1.1.1
| | \--- commons-codec:commons-codec:1.3
| +--- org.khronos:opengl-api:gl1.1-android-2.1_r1
| +--- xerces:xmlParserAPIs:2.6.2
| +--- xpp3:xpp3:1.1.4c
| \--- org.json:json:20080701
+--- com.netflix.rxjava:rxjava-android:0.16.1
| \--- com.netflix.rxjava:rxjava-core:0.16.1
+--- com.nineoldandroids:library:2.4.0
+--- it.sephiroth.android.library.horizontallistview:hlistview:1.2.2
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:19.1.+ -> 22.1.0 (*)
+--- com.joooonho:selectableroundedimageview:1.0.1
+--- com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:2.0.1
| +--- com.crashlytics.sdk.android:answers:1.0.1
| | \--- io.fabric.sdk.android:fabric:1.0.1
| +--- io.fabric.sdk.android:fabric:1.0.1
| \--- com.crashlytics.sdk.android:beta:1.0.1
| \--- io.fabric.sdk.android:fabric:1.0.1
+--- com.mixpanel.android:mixpanel-android:4.5.3
\--- com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:4.0.0
+--- com.android.support:support-v4:[21,22) -> 22.1.0 (*)
\--- com.parse.bolts:bolts-android:1.1.4
<snip>
我也尝试过搜索build/intermediates目录的子文件夹，但是我看不到任何吸烟枪（虽然我不确定我是否正在以正确的方式搜索所有外部依赖JAR）。 / p>
这是build.gradle的依赖部分：
dependencies {
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.1.0'
compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0'
compile 'com.afollestad:material-dialogs:0.7.2.4'
compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:7.0.0'
compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-gcm:7.0.0'
compile 'de.greenrobot:greendao:1.3.7'
compile 'de.greenrobot:eventbus:2.2.0'
compile 'com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:1.4.0'
compile 'com.squareup.okio:okio:1.0.1'
compile 'com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp-urlconnection:2.0.0'
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:1.6.0'
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit:converter-wire:1.6.0'
compile 'com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp:2.0.0'
compile 'com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.4.0'
compile 'com.path:android-priority-jobqueue:1.1.2'
compile 'com.netflix.rxjava:rxjava-android:0.16.1'
compile 'com.nineoldandroids:library:2.4.0'
compile 'it.sephiroth.android.library.horizontallistview:hlistview:1.2.2'
compile 'com.joooonho:selectableroundedimageview:1.0.1'
compile('com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:2.0.1@aar') {
transitive = true;
}
compile "com.mixpanel.android:mixpanel-android:4.5.3"
compile "com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:4.0.0"
// For the Rollbar JAR, as it is not available in Maven central
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: '*.jar')
androidTestCompile 'com.squareup.spoon:spoon-client:1.1.2'
androidTestCompile 'com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker-mockito:1.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.0'
androidTestCompile 'org.mockito:mockito-core:1.9.5'
androidTestCompile 'com.jayway.android.robotium:robotium-solo:5.3.1'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'
}
更新：当我从com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.0.0更新为com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.1.1时，我收到此警告：
Warning:Conflict with dependency 'com.android.support:support-annotations'. Resolved versions for app (22.1.0) and test app (22.0.0) differ.
答案 0 :(得分：46)
如果您使用以下排除项，则可以继续使用22.2.1：
androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2') {
exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}
androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test:runner:0.3') {
exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}
androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test:rules:0.3') {
exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}
如果您依赖espresso-contrib，则还需要排除。
使用支持库22.2.1，依赖性再次被破坏;在新的跑步者被释放之前，请不要升级到22.2.1。
随着最新版本的跑步者0.3和规则0.3，不再需要这个答案。你可以简单地使用
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.3'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.3'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2'
使用最新的支持库。 （撰写本文时22.2.0）
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.2.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2'
// com.android.support.test:testing-support-lib:0.1 // <-- causes issue
问题是com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.1与com.android.support.test:runner:0.2发生冲突（因为这取决于com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0）。
com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1依赖于com.android.support.test:runner:0.2，因此也会导致相同的错误。
因此，这种组合将起作用：
compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1'
......这一个（没有 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'）：
compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.0'
与what the Espresso documentation says相反，您应该删除此依赖项：
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'
因为它是库版本冲突的原因。
您还应该更新到Android gradle插件1.1.1，因为该版本会告诉您确切的版本冲突，这在这种情况下很有用。
答案 1 :(得分：6)
另一个有用的提示是如何强制依赖性解析到特定版本。
这是一种方式：
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy.force 'com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0'
}
......这是另一个：
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { DependencyResolveDetails details ->
if (details.requested.group == 'com.android.support') {
details.useVersion '22.0.0'
}
}
}
使用com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1中的任何一个都应该有效。
有关详细信息，请参阅the Gradle documentation中的Forcing consistent version for a group of libraries部分。
答案 2 :(得分：4)
我们在启用增量gradle构建后最近遇到了此错误。
dexOptions {
javaMaxHeapSize "2g"
incremental true
}
通过禁用预先存在的库来解决这个问题。
dexOptions {
javaMaxHeapSize "2g"
incremental true
preDexLibraries = false
}
答案 3 :(得分：3)
我的解决方案：
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.1.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support:support-annotations:22.1.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'
+
android {
packagingOptions {
exclude 'LICENSE.txt'
}
}
答案 4 :(得分：1)
尝试设置Espresso时出现此错误。尝试使用
espresso-contrib:2.1，而非2.0
答案 5 :(得分：0)
尝试从浓咖啡（一次一个）中排除以下内容：
private IDocument Execute(IDocument document, List<IProcessor> processors)
{
return processors.Aggregate(document, (res, proc) => proc.Execute(res));
}
可能需要对androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1') {
exclude group: 'javax.inject'
exclude group: 'com.google.code.findbugs'
exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}
答案 6 :(得分：0)
根据this bug report，您还可以使用resolutionStrategy：
allprojects {
repositories {
mavenCentral()
maven {
url 'http://download.crashlytics.com/maven'
}
}
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy.force 'com.android.support:support-annotations:22.2.0'
}
}
这个解决方案对我有用，并允许我使用最新版本的appcompat-v7和appcompat-v4。