找到64字节数组的所有排列?

时间:2015-04-09 17:26:06

标签: java arrays algorithm permutation

我的目标是找到64字节数组的所有排列,并且对于每个排列检查,如果在执行函数F之后,它等于给定的字节数组。

  

考虑一个小规模的例子:假设我有1234,我想   生成4位数_ _ _ _的所有排列并检查   每次如果它等于1234

我的第一个想法是实现一个递归函数来生成排列。但考虑到大小,堆栈会溢出。

生成所有排列的任何有效方法?鉴于Java有大量的库?

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:3)

如果我理解正确,你需要生成所有64个! 64字节数组的排列,即:

64! = 126886932185884164103433389335161480802865516174545192198801894375214704230400000000000000 排列!

如果要计算每个排列和比较需要一毫秒(最差情况时间场景),您需要:

4023558225072430368576654912961741537234446859923426946943236123009091331506849.3150684931506849315 在一台机器上计算它们! (如果每个排列都需要100毫秒的话,这个怪物的第100个。)

因此,您应该通过应用一些启发式方法来减少问题的搜索空间,而不是天真地列出所有可能的解决方案。

将搜索空间缩小到更易处理的数字后,例如:14! (在“一毫秒”情况下2年的计算时间),您可以使用Factoradics(实现here)在多台计算机上拆分计算,以计算每台计算机的起始和结束排列然后在每个节点(Knuth's L-algorithm的实现)中使用以下代码来搜索每台机器中的解决方案:

public class Perm {
    private static byte[] sequenceToMatch;
    private static byte[] startSequence;    
    private static byte[] endingSequence;        
    private static final int SEQUENCE_LENGTH = 64;

    public static void main(String... args) {
        final int N = 3;

        startSequence = readSequence(args[0]);
        endingSequence = readSequence(args[1]);
        sequenceToMatch = readSequence(args[2]);                

        permutations();
    }    

    private static boolean sequencesMatch(byte[] s1, byte[] s2) {
        for (int i = 0; i < SEQUENCE_LENGTH; i++) {
            if (s1[i] != s2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    private static byte[] readSequence(String argument) {
        String[] sBytes = argument.split(",");
        byte[] bytes = new byte[SEQUENCE_LENGTH];
        int i = 0;
        for (String sByte : sBytes) {
            bytes[i++] = Byte.parseByte(sByte, 10);
        }
        return bytes;
    }

    private static void swap(byte[] elements, int i, int j) {
        byte temp = elements[i];
        elements[i] = elements[j];
        elements[j] = temp;
    }

    /**
     * Reverses the elements of an array (in place) from the start index to the end index 
     */
    private static void reverse(byte[] array, int startIndex, int endIndex) {
        int size = endIndex + 1 - startIndex;
        int limit = startIndex + size / 2;
        for (int i = startIndex; i < limit; i++) {
            // swap(array, i, startIndex + (size - 1 - (i - startIndex)));
            swap(array, i, 2 * startIndex + size - 1 - i);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Implements the Knuth's L-Algorithm permutation algorithm 
     * modifying the collection in place
     */
    private static void permutations() {
        byte[] sequence = startSequence;

        if (sequencesMatch(sequence, sequenceToMatch)) {
            System.out.println("Solution found!");
            return;
        }

        // For every possible permutation 
        while (!sequencesMatch(sequence, endingSequence)) {

            // Iterate the array from right to left in search 
            // of the first couple of elements that are in ascending order
            for (int i = SEQUENCE_LENGTH - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
                // If the elements i and i - 1 are in ascending order
                if (sequence[i - 1] < sequence[i]) {
                    // Then the index "i - 1" becomes our pivot index 
                    int pivotIndex = i - 1;

                    // Scan the elements at the right of the pivot (again, from right to left)
                    // in search of the first element that is bigger
                    // than the pivot and, if found, swap it
                    for (int j = SEQUENCE_LENGTH - 1; j > pivotIndex; j--) {
                        if (sequence[j] > sequence[pivotIndex]) {
                            swap(sequence, j, pivotIndex);
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    // Now reverse the elements from the right of the pivot index
                    // (this nice touch to the algorithm avoids the recursion)
                    reverse(sequence, pivotIndex + 1, SEQUENCE_LENGTH - 1);
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (sequencesMatch(sequence, sequenceToMatch)) {
                System.out.println("Solution found!");
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}

答案 1 :(得分:2)

至于非递归,这​​个答案可能会有所帮助:Permutation algorithm without recursion? Java

至于简单的例子,这是我制定的递归解决方案:

public class Solution {
    public List<List<Integer>> permute(int[] num) {
        boolean[] used = new boolean[num.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < used.length; i ++) used[i] = false;

        List<List<Integer>> output = new ArrayList<List<Integer>>();
        ArrayList<Integer> temp = new ArrayList<Integer>();

        permuteHelper(num, 0, used, output, temp);

        return output;

    }

    public void permuteHelper(int[] num, int level, boolean[] used, List<List<Integer>> output, ArrayList<Integer> temp){

        if (level == num.length){
            output.add(new ArrayList<Integer>(temp));
        }
        else{

            for (int i = 0; i < num.length; i++){
                if (!used[i]){
                    temp.add(num[i]);
                    used[i] = true;
                    permuteHelper(num, level+1, used, output, temp);
                    used[i] = false;
                    temp.remove(temp.size()-1);

                }
            }

        }

    }
}

编辑:10似乎是在递归方法的合理时间内完成的最大输入。

使用长度为10的输入数组:

Permutation execution time in milliseconds: 3380

答案 2 :(得分:1)

编辑: 我快速搜索了可能的实现,并遇到了一个算法,建议作为另一个问题的答案的一部分。

以下是由https://stackoverflow.com/users/2132573/jon-b开发的代码,以方便您使用。 它正确地创建并打印整数列表的所有排列。您可以轻松地使用与数组相同的逻辑(Credits转到jon-b !!)。

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class HelloWorld {
    public static int factorial(int x) {
            int f = 1;
            while (x > 1) {
                    f = f * x;
                    x--;
            }
            return f;
    }

    public static List<Integer> permute(List<Integer> list, int iteration) {
            if (list.size() <= 1) return list;
            int fact = factorial(list.size() - 1);
            int first = iteration / fact;
            List<Integer> copy = new ArrayList<Integer>(list);
            Integer head = copy.remove(first);
            int remainder = iteration % fact;
            List<Integer> tail = permute(copy, remainder);
            tail.add(0, head);
            return tail;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
            List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(4, 5, 6, 7);
            for (int i = 0; i < 24; i++) {
                System.out.println(permute(list, i));
            }
    }
}

我已经在http://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_java8_online.php进行了测试,并且原样运作良好。

希望有所帮助!