我对范围感到困惑。我下载了一个Fortran文件,该文件在1个源文件中有1个主程序,1个子程序和1个函数。主程序不包含子程序,子程序调用该函数。它工作正常,但是当我使用" contains"修改主程序以包含这2个子程序时,它会产生编译错误,说明函数未定义。但是,如果我在同一个包含的部分中创建一个小函数并从子例程调用,它就不会出错。
这两个功能有什么区别?为什么我会收到错误?
我创建了一个具有相同结构的小程序,1个包含子程序和func的main程序并没有给出错误。
我的环境是ubuntu 14.04并使用gfortran编译器。
建筑目标:QRbasic
调用:GNU Fortran Linker
gfortran -o" QRbasic" ./main.o
./main.o:在函数qrbasic':
/*/QRbasic/Debug/../main.f95:79: undefined reference to
ajnorm _'
/home/kenji/workspace/QRbasic/Debug/../main.f95:104:未定义引用`ajnorm _'
collect2:错误:ld返回1退出状态
make:*** [QRbasic]错误1
Program Main
!====================================================================
! QR basic method to find the eigenvalues
! of matrix A
!====================================================================
implicit none
integer, parameter :: n=3
double precision, parameter:: eps=1.0e-07
double precision :: a(n,n), e(n)
integer i, j, iter
! matrix A
! data (a(1,i), i=1,3) / 8.0, -2.0, -2.0 /
! data (a(2,i), i=1,3) / -2.0, 4.0, -2.0 /
! data (a(3,i), i=1,3) / -2.0, -2.0, 13.0 /
data (a(1,i), i=1,3) / 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 /
data (a(2,i), i=1,3) / 2.0, 2.0, -2.0 /
data (a(3,i), i=1,3) / 3.0, -2.0, 4.0 /
! print a header and the original matrix
write (*,200)
do i=1,n
write (*,201) (a(i,j),j=1,n)
end do
! print: guess vector x(i)
! write (*,204)
! write (*,201) (y(i),i=1,3)
call QRbasic(a,e,eps,n,iter)
! print solutions
write (*,202)
write (*,201) (e(i),i=1,n)
write (*,205) iter
200 format (' QR basic method - eigenvalues for A(n,n)',/, &
' Matrix A')
201 format (6f12.6)
202 format (/,' The eigenvalues')
205 format (/,' iterations = ',i5)
!end program main
contains
subroutine QRbasic(a,e,eps,n,iter)
!==============================================================
! Compute all eigenvalues: real symmetric matrix a(n,n,)
! a*x = lambda*x
! method: the basic QR method
! Alex G. (January 2010)
!--------------------------------------------------------------
! input ...
! a(n,n) - array of coefficients for matrix A
! n - dimension
! eps - convergence tolerance
! output ...
! e(n) - eigenvalues
! iter - number of iterations to achieve the tolerance
! comments ...
! kmax - max number of allowed iterations
!==============================================================
implicit none
integer n, iter
double precision a(n,n), e(n), eps
double precision q(n,n), r(n,n), w(n), an, Ajnorm, sum, e0,e1
integer k, i, j, m
integer, parameter::kmax=1000
! initialization
q = 0.0
r = 0.0
e0 = 0.0
do k=1,kmax ! iterations
! step 1: compute Q(n,n) and R(n,n)
! column 1
an = Ajnorm(a,n,1)
r(1,1) = an
do i=1,n
q(i,1) = a(i,1)/an
end do
! columns 2,...,n
do j=2,n
w = 0.0
do m=1,j-1
! product q^T*a result = scalar
sum = 0.0
do i=1,n
sum = sum + q(i,m)*a(i,j)
end do
r(m,j) = sum
! product (q^T*a)*q result = vector w(n)
do i=1,n
w(i) = w(i) + sum*q(i,m)
end do
end do
! new a'(j)
do i =1,n
a(i,j) = a(i,j) - w(i)
end do
! evaluate the norm for a'(j)
an = Ajnorm(a,n,j)
r(j,j) = an
! vector q(j)
do i=1,n
q(i,j) = a(i,j)/an
end do
end do
! step 2: compute A=R(n,n)*Q(n,n)
a = matmul(r,q)
! egenvalues and the average eigenvale
sum = 0.0
do i=1,n
e(i) = a(i,i)
sum = sum+e(i)*e(i)
end do
e1 = sqrt(sum)
! print here eigenvalues
! write (*,201) (e(i),i=1,n)
!201 format (6f12.6)
! check for convergence
if (abs(e1-e0) < eps) exit
! prepare for the next iteration
e0 = e1
end do
iter = k
if(k == kmax) write (*,*)'The eigenvlue failed to converge'
print *, func1()
end subroutine QRbasic
function Ajnorm(a,n,j)
implicit none
integer n, j, i
double precision a(n,n), Ajnorm
double precision sum
sum = 0.0
do i=1,n
sum = sum + a(i,j)*a(i,j)
end do
Ajnorm = sqrt(sum)
end function Ajnorm
integer function func1()
print *, "dummy"
func1=1
end function
end program
原始程序不包含这两个程序。这是我收到错误的版本。
答案 0 :(得分:2)
您的主程序包含函数类型Ajnorm()
的声明。因此,当编译器找到要用作函数名的名称时,它会将其解释为外部函数。这在程序的原始形式中非常正确,函数被定义为一个独立的单元,但对于内部(包含)函数来说是错误的。一旦我删除了不需要的声明,你的程序就会为我编译干净。