我们开发了Chrome扩展程序，我想用Selenium测试我们的扩展程序。我创建了一个测试，但问题是我们的扩展在安装时会打开一个新标签，我想我从另一个标签中得到了一个例外。是否可以切换到我正在测试的活动标签？或者另一种选择是从禁用扩展开始，然后登录我们的网站，然后启用扩展。可能吗？这是我的代码：
def login_to_webapp(self):
self.driver.get(url='http://example.com/logout')
self.driver.maximize_window()
self.assertEqual(first="Web Editor", second=self.driver.title)
action = webdriver.ActionChains(driver=self.driver)
action.move_to_element(to_element=self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath="//div[@id='header_floater']/div[@class='header_menu']/button[@class='btn_header signature_menu'][text()='My signature']"))
action.perform()
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath="//ul[@id='signature_menu_downlist'][@class='menu_downlist']/li[text()='Log In']").click()
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath="//form[@id='atho-form']/div[@class='input']/input[@name='useremail']").send_keys("[email]")
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath="//form[@id='atho-form']/div[@class='input']/input[@name='password']").send_keys("[password]")
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath="//form[@id='atho-form']/button[@type='submit'][@class='atho-button signin_button'][text()='Sign in']").click()
测试失败并显示ElementNotVisibleException: Message: element not visible，因为在新标签中（由扩展程序打开）＆＃34;登录＆＃34;不可见（我认为仅在命令self.driver.get(url='http://example.com/logout')之后打开新选项卡。）
更新：我发现该例外与我们网站上的额外标签无关。但根据@ aberna的回答，我用这段代码关闭了额外的标签：
def close_last_tab(self):
if (len(self.driver.window_handles) == 2):
self.driver.switch_to.window(window_name=self.driver.window_handles[-1])
self.driver.close()
self.driver.switch_to.window(window_name=self.driver.window_handles[0])
关闭额外标签后，我可以在视频中看到我的标签。
答案 0 :(得分：28)
这实际上对我有用3.x：
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[1])
窗口句柄，因此这将选择列表中的第二个选项卡
继续第一个标签：
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[0])
答案 1 :(得分：23)
一些可能的方法：
1 - 使用send_keys（CONTROL + TAB）在标签之间切换
self.driver.find_element_by_tag_name('body').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + Keys.TAB)
2 - 使用ActionsChains（CONTROL + TAB）在标签之间切换
actions = ActionChains(self.driver)
actions.key_down(Keys.CONTROL).key_down(Keys.TAB).key_up(Keys.TAB).key_up(Keys.CONTROL).perform()
3 - 另一种方法可以使用Selenium方法检查当前窗口并转移到另一个窗口：
您可以使用
driver.window_handles
找到窗口句柄列表，然后尝试使用以下方法切换。
- driver.switch_to.active_element
- driver.switch_to.default_content
- driver.switch_to.window
答案 2 :(得分：6)
接受的答案对我没有用。
要打开一个新选项卡并让selenium切换到它，我使用了：
driver.execute_script('''window.open("https://some.site/", "_blank");''')
sleep(1) # you can also try without it, just playing safe
driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[-1]) # last opened tab handle
# driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[-1]) for newer versions.
如果您需要切换回主标签，请使用：
driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[0])
要点：
window_handles包含已打开的handles的{{1}}列表，将其用作tabs中的参数以在标签之间切换。
答案 3 :(得分：3)
如果只想关闭活动选项卡并需要保持浏览器窗口打开，则可以使用switch_to.window方法，该方法的输入参数为window handle-id。以下示例显示了如何实现这种自动化：
from selenium import webdriver
import time
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get('https://www.google.com')
driver.execute_script("window.open('');")
time.sleep(5)
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[1])
driver.get("https://facebook.com")
time.sleep(5)
driver.close()
time.sleep(5)
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[0])
driver.get("https://www.yahoo.com")
time.sleep(5)
#driver.close()
答案 4 :(得分：2)
按 ctrl + t 或选择window_handles[0]假定您在启动时仅打开一个选项卡。
如果您打开了多个标签，则可能会变得不可靠。
这就是我的工作
old_tabs=self.driver.window_handles
#Perform action that opens new window here
new_tabs=self.driver.window_handles
for tab in new_tabs:
if tab in old tabs:
pass
else:
new_tab=tab
driver.switch_to.window(new_tab)
在切换到新标签之前，它可以肯定地标识新标签并将活动窗口设置为所需的新标签。
仅仅告诉浏览器发送 ctrl + tab 无效，因为它没有告诉webdriver实际切换到新标签。
答案 5 :(得分：0)
找到了一种使用ahk库的方法。对于需要解决此问题的非程序员来说，这非常容易。使用过Python 3.7.3
导入ahk 从ahk import AHK 进口硒 从硒导入webdriver 从selenium.webdriver.chrome.options导入选项
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions（） options.add_experimental_option（“ excludeSwitches”，['enable-automation']）; ＃禁用有关由自动化控制的Chrome的信息栏。 chrome_options.add_argument（'-start-maximized'） chromeDriver = webdriver.Chrome（'C：\ new_software \ chromedriver.exe'，chrome_options = options）＃指定您的chromedriver位置
chromeDriver.get（'https://www.autohotkey.com/'）＃启动标签页
chromeDriver.execute_script（“ window.open（'https://developers.google.com/edu/python/introduction'，'tab2'）;”） chromeDriver.execute_script（“ window.open（'https://www.facebook.com/'，'tab3'）;”） chromeDriver.execute_script（“ window.open（'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/open'，'tab4'）;”）
seleniumwindow = ahk.active_window＃打开Selenium会话后，立即使用AHK获取窗框的句柄。
seleniumwindow.activate（）＃将激活您在Selenium浏览器中激活的任何选项卡，因为AHK正在激活窗口框架
答案 6 :(得分：0)
这是完整的脚本。
注意：请删除下面两行中微小URL的空格。堆栈溢出不允许在此处使用微小链接。
import ahk
import win32clipboard
import traceback
import appJar
import requests
import sys
import urllib
import selenium
import getpass
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
import socket
import time
import urllib.request
from ahk import AHK, Hotkey, ActionChain # You want to play with AHK.
from appJar import gui
try:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU64.exe")
except:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU32.exe")
finally:
pass
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument('--start-maximized')
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ['enable-automation']);
chromeDriver = webdriver.Chrome('C:\\new_software\\chromedriver.exe', chrome_options = chrome_options)
def ahk_disabledevmodescript():
try:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU64.exe")
except:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU32.exe")
finally:
pass
ahk_disabledevmodescriptt= [
str('WinActivate,ahk_exe chrome.exe'),
str('Send {esc}'),
]
#Run-Script
for snipet in ahk_disabledevmodescriptt:
ahk.run_script(snipet, blocking=True )
return
def launchtabsagain():
chromeDriver.execute_script("window.open('https://developers.google.com/edu/python/introduction', 'tab2');")
chromeDriver.execute_script("window.open('https://www.facebook.com/', 'tab3');")
chromeDriver.execute_script("window.open('https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/open', 'tab4');")
chromeDriver.execute_script("window.open('https://www.easyespanol.org/', 'tab5');")
chromeDriver.execute_script("window.open('https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=EPO2Xf3EMLPc9AO07b2gAw&q=programming+is+not+difficult&oq=programming+is+not+difficult&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i22i30.3497.22282..22555...9.0..0.219.3981.21j16j1......0....1..gws-wiz.....6..0i362i308i154i357j0j0i131j0i10j33i22i29i30..10001%3A0%2C154.h1w5MmbFx7c&ved=0ahUKEwj9jIyzjb_lAhUzLn0KHbR2DzQQ4dUDCAg&uact=5', 'tab6');")
chromeDriver.execute_script("window.open('https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=NvO2XdCrIMHg9APduYzQDA&q=dinner+recipes&oq=&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0i362i308i154i357l6.0.0..3736...0.0..0.179.179.0j1......0......gws-wiz.....6....10001%3A0%2C154.gsoCDxw8cyU', 'tab7');")
return
chromeDriver.get('https://ebc.cybersource.com/ebc2/')
compoanionWindow = ahk.active_window
launchtabs = launchtabsagain()
disabledevexetmessage = ahk_disabledevmodescript()
def copyUrl():
try:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU64.exe")
except:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU32.exe")
finally:
pass
snipet = str('WinActivate,ahk_exe chrome.exe')
ahk.run_script(snipet, blocking=True )
compoanionWindow.activate()
ahk_TinyChromeCopyURLScript=[
str('WinActivate,ahk_exe chrome.exe'),
str('send ^l'),
str('sleep 10'),
str('send ^c'),
str('BlockInput, MouseMoveoff'),
str('clipwait'),
]
#Run-AHK Script
if ahk:
for snipet in ahk_TinyChromeCopyURLScript:
ahk.run_script(snipet, blocking=True )
win32clipboard.OpenClipboard()
urlToShorten = win32clipboard.GetClipboardData()
win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
return(urlToShorten)
def tiny_url(url):
try:
apiurl = "https: // tinyurl. com / api - create. php? url= " #remove spaces here
tinyp = requests.Session()
tinyp.proxies = {"https" : "https://USER:PASSWORD." + "@userproxy.visa.com:443", "http" : "http://USER:PASSWORD." + "@userproxy.visa.com:8080"}
tinyUrl = tinyp.get(apiurl+url).text
returnedresponse = tinyp.get(apiurl+url)
if returnedresponse.status_code == 200:
print('Success! response code =' + str(returnedresponse))
else:
print('Code returned = ' + str(returnedresponse))
print('From IP Address =' +IPadd)
except:
apiurl = "https: // tinyurl. com / api - create. php? url= " #remove spaces here
tinyp = requests.Session()
tinyUrl = tinyp.get(apiurl+url).text
returnedresponse = tinyp.get(apiurl+url)
if returnedresponse.status_code == 200:
print('Success! response code =' + str(returnedresponse))
print('From IP Address =' +IPadd)
else:
print('Code returned = ' + str(returnedresponse))
return tinyUrl
def tinyUrlButton():
longUrl = copyUrl()
try:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU64.exe")
except:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU32.exe")
finally:
pass
try:
shortUrl = tiny_url(longUrl)
win32clipboard.OpenClipboard()
win32clipboard.EmptyClipboard()
win32clipboard.SetClipboardText(shortUrl)
win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
if ahk:
try:
if str(shortUrl) == 'Error':
ahk.run_script("Msgbox,262144 ,Done.,"+ shortUrl + "`rPlease make sure there is a link to copy and that the page is fully loaded., 5.5" )
else:
ahk.run_script("Msgbox,262144 ,Done.,"+ shortUrl + " is in your clipboard., 1.5" )
# ahk.run_script("WinActivate, tinyUrl" )
except:
traceback.print_exc()
print('error during ahk script')
pass
except:
print('Error getting tinyURl')
traceback.print_exc()
def closeChromeTabs():
try:
try:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU64.exe")
except:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU32.exe")
finally:
pass
compoanionWindow.activate()
ahk_CloseChromeOtherTabsScript = [
str('WinActivate,ahk_exe chrome.exe'),
str('Mouseclick, Right, 30, 25,,1'),
str('Send {UP 3} {enter}'),
str('BlockInput, MouseMoveOff'),
]
#Run-Script
if ahk:
for snipet in ahk_CloseChromeOtherTabsScript:
ahk.run_script(snipet, blocking=True )
return(True)
except:
traceback.print_exc()
print("Failed to run closeTabs function.")
ahk.run_script('Msgbox,262144,,Failed to run closeTabs function.,2')
return(False)
# create a GUI and testing this library.
window = gui("tinyUrl and close Tabs test ", "200x160")
window.setFont(9)
window.setBg("blue")
window.removeToolbar(hide=True)
window.addLabel("description", "Testing AHK Library.")
window.addLabel("title", "tinyURL")
window.setLabelBg("title", "blue")
window.setLabelFg("title", "white")
window.addButtons(["T"], tinyUrlButton)
window.addLabel("title1", "Close tabs")
window.setLabelBg("title1", "blue")
window.setLabelFg("title1", "white")
window.addButtons(["C"], closeChromeTabs)
window.addLabel("title2", "Launch tabs")
window.setLabelBg("title2", "blue")
window.setLabelFg("title2", "white")
window.addButtons(["L"], launchtabsagain)
window.go()
if window.exitFullscreen():
chromeDriver.quit()
def closeTabs():
try:
try:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU64.exe")
except:
ahk = AHK(executable_path="C:\\Program Files\\AutoHotkey\\AutoHotkeyU32.exe")
finally:
pass
compoanionWindow.activate()
ahk_CloseChromeOtherTabsScript = [
str('WinActivate,ahk_exe chrome.exe'),
str('Mouseclick, Right, 30, 25,,1'),
str('Send {UP 3} {enter}'),
str('BlockInput, MouseMoveOff'),
]
#Run-Script
if ahk:
for snipet in ahk_CloseChromeOtherTabsScript:
ahk.run_script(snipet, blocking=True )
return(True)
except:
traceback.print_exc()
print("Failed to run closeTabs function.")
ahk.run_script('Msgbox,262144,Failed,Failed to run closeTabs function.,2')
return(False)
答案 7 :(得分：0)
用户“ aberna”的提示对我起作用的方式如下：
首先，我获得了选项卡列表：
tab_list = driver.window_handles
然后我选择选项卡：
driver.switch_to.window(test[1])
返回上一个标签页：
driver.switch_to.window(test[0])