考虑
trait Foo[+A, +B]
trait Foo1[+A] extends Foo[A, Nothing]
trait Foo2[+B] extends Foo[Nothing, B]
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]
有效。
new Foo1[Nothing] with Foo2[String]
有效。
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]
没有:
error: illegal inheritance;
<$anon: Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]> inherits different type instances of trait Foo:
Foo[Nothing,String] and Foo[String,Nothing]
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]
^
在第一种情况下,实例似乎是Foo[String, Nothing]
的子类型。
同样,在第二种情况下,实例似乎应该是Foo[String, String]
的子类型。
这两者之间有什么区别只会导致一个编译?
答案 0 :(得分:8)
如果您看到编译器实际上解释得很好:
: Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]> inherits different type instances of trait Foo:
Foo[Nothing,String] and Foo[String,Nothing]
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]
首先解释一下:
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]
看看这个例子:
scala> val x = new Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]
x: Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing] = $anon$1@58651fd0
scala> val y:Foo[String, Nothing] = x
y: Foo[String,Nothing] = $anon$1@58651fd0
根据规范,多个with
特征的实例化从左到右发生。所以首先Foo1
被实例化。执行new Foo1[String]
会为您提供Foo[String, Nothing]
。 with Foo2[Nothing]
为您提供Foo[Nothing, Nothing]
。现在Foo
是其第一个类型参数的共变体。简而言之,这是有效的:
scala> val a = new Foo[Nothing, Nothing]{}
a: Foo[Nothing,Nothing] = $anon$1@134593bf
scala> val b:Foo[String, Nothing] = a
b: Foo[String,Nothing] = $anon$1@134593bf
因此你可以使用Foo [String,Nothing]而不是Foo [Nothing,Nothing]。这使您能够实例化y
。
如果:
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]
new Foo1[String]
给出Foo[String, Nothing]
。 with Foo2[String]
给出Foo[Nothing, String]
。而且它们都是矛盾的(由于它的第二个参数:
with Foo2[String]
(Foo [Nothing,String])变为Foo [String,String]。
scala> val p :Foo[String, String] = new Foo[Nothing, String]{}
p: Foo[String,String] = $anon$1@39529185
但 Foo [String,String] 不能成为Foo [String,Nothing] 。 (val p :Foo[String, Nothing] = new Foo[Nothing, String]{}
失败)
因此错误。
<强>在变强> 如果Foo在其第一个参数上不是变体,那么它不起作用:
scala> trait Foo[A, +B]
defined trait Foo
scala> trait Foo1[A] extends Foo[A, Nothing]
defined trait Foo1
scala> trait Foo2[+B] extends Foo[Nothing, B]
defined trait Foo2
scala> new Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]
<console>:11: error: illegal inheritance;
<$anon: Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]> inherits different type instances of trait Foo:
Foo[Nothing,Nothing] and Foo[String,Nothing]
new Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]
<强>禁忌方差强> 如果Foo在其第二种类型上具有反变量,那么两种语句都可以工作
scala> trait Foo[+A, -B]
defined trait Foo
scala> trait Foo1[+A] extends Foo[A, Nothing]
defined trait Foo1
scala> trait Foo2[-B] extends Foo[Nothing, B]
defined trait Foo2
scala> new Foo1[String] with Foo2[String]
res0: Foo1[String] with Foo2[String] = $anon$1@77468bd9
scala> new Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing]
res1: Foo1[String] with Foo2[Nothing] = $anon$1@51016012
它只是起作用,因为现在: Foo [String,String] 可以变成Foo [String,Nothing]