<罢工>嗨，大家一直在使用这个网站一段时间用于提示但从未发布过（我认为的第一次）无论如何做大学的任务（制造学位），所以可能是你们中的一些人的基础。基本上
问题是在学生名称的搜索中，程序运行的底部附近是空的，但是一旦我输入名称就会崩溃任何帮助都会非常感激
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 2
struct Student
{
long StudentID;//works
char fname[21];//works
char sname[21];//does not work
int year;//works
char course[51];//works
float results_semester_1[6];//works
float results_semester_2[6];//works
int free; // 1 means its free, 0 means its not
};
struct Student BENG[SIZE];
int menu(); // function prototype
void add_student(); // function prototype
void display_students(); // function prototype
void display_results(); // function prototype
void search_for_student_studentID(); // function prototype
void search_for_student_by_name(); // function prototype
void delete_student(); // function prototype
void initialise_database(); // function prototype
void Run_statistics_for_individual_student(); // function prototype
void Run_statistics_for_all_student(); // function prototype
int linear_search(long); // function prototype
int linear_search_sname(char); // function prototype
int main()
{
initialise_database(); // call the function to set all free positions to 1
for(;;) // infinite loop
{
switch(menu()) // calling function menu within switch
{
case 1:
add_student(); // calling function add_student
break;
case 2:
delete_student(); // calling function delete_student
break;
case 3:
display_students(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 4:
search_for_student_studentID(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 5:
search_for_student_by_name(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 6:
Run_statistics_for_individual_student(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 7:
Run_statistics_for_all_student(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 8:
display_results(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 9:
printf("Quitting Program\n");
exit(1);
default:
printf("Invalid option chosen\n\n");
}
} // end of infinite loop
return 0;
}
void add_student()
{
int freepos = -1, i, j,k,year;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].free == 1)
{
freepos = i;
break;
}
}
if(freepos != -1)
{
do
{
printf("Enter student ID:\n");
scanf("%ld", &BENG[freepos].StudentID);
}
while(BENG[freepos].StudentID<10000000 ||BENG[freepos].StudentID>99999999);
printf("Enter firstname:\n");
scanf("%s", BENG[freepos].fname);
printf("Enter surname:\n");
scanf("%s", BENG[freepos].sname);
do
{
printf("Enter year of course:\n");
scanf("%d", &BENG[freepos].year);
}
while(BENG[freepos].year < 1 || BENG[freepos].year > 4);
printf("Enter course name:\n");
scanf("%s", BENG[freepos].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Enter result of semester 1 Module %d:\n", j+1);
scanf("%f", &BENG[freepos].results_semester_1[j]);
}
for(k = 0; k < 6; k++)
{
printf("Enter result of semester 2 Module %d:\n", k+1);
scanf("%f", &BENG[freepos].results_semester_2[k]);
}
BENG[freepos].free = 0; // mark record as taken
}
else
printf("No position free at present\n");
}
void display_students()
{
// output the values just entered
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
printf("Student ID: %ld:\n", BENG[i].StudentID);
printf("Firstname: %s\n", BENG[i].fname);
printf("Surname: %s\n", BENG[i].sname);
printf("Year: %d\n", BENG[i].year);
printf("Course: %s\n", BENG[i].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_1[j]);
} // end of for
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_2[j]);
} // end of for
} // end of if
} // end of for
}
void display_results()
{
// output the values just entered
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_1[j]);
} // end of for
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_2[j]);
} // end of for
} // end of if
} // end of for
}
int menu()
{
int choice;
printf("1. To add a student\n");
printf("2. To delete a student\n");
printf("3. To display all students\n");
printf("4. Find a student using studentID\n");
printf("5. Find a student by student Surname\n");
printf("6. Find student would you like to run statistics for\n");
printf("7. Find statistics for all students\n");
printf("8. Display results of all students\n");
printf("9. Exit Program\n");
do
{
scanf("%d", &choice);
}
while(choice < 1 || choice > 9);
return choice;
}
void initialise_database()
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) // set all structure variables free to 1
BENG[i].free = 1;
}
void delete_student()
{
long search;
int position,freepos;
printf("Enter the number of student to delete\n");
scanf("%ld",&search);
position = linear_search(search);
if ( position == -1 )
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
else
printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, position+1);
BENG[position].free = 1;
return;
}
void search_for_student_studentID()
{
long search;
int position,j,i;
printf("Enter the number to search\n");
scanf("%ld",&search);
position = linear_search(search);
if ( position == -1 )
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
else
printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, position+1);
printf("Student ID: %ld:\n", BENG[position].StudentID);
printf("Firstname: %s\n", BENG[position].fname);
printf("Surname: %s\n", BENG[position].sname);
printf("Year: %d\n", BENG[position].year);
printf("Course: %s\n", BENG[position].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_1[j]);
}
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_2[j]);
}
return;
}
void search_for_student_by_name(sname)
{
int position,j,i;
printf("Enter the surname of student to search\n");
scanf("%s",&sname);
position = linear_search_sname(sname);
if ( position == 1 )
printf("%s is not present in array.\n", sname);
else
printf("%s is present at location %d.\n", sname, position+1);
printf("Student ID: %ld:\n", BENG[position].StudentID);
printf("Firstname: %s\n", BENG[position].fname);
printf("Surname: %s\n", BENG[position].sname);
printf("Year: %d\n", BENG[position].year);
printf("Course: %s\n", BENG[position].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_1[j]);
}
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_2[j]);
}
return;
}
int linear_search(long find)
{
int c;
for ( c = 0 ; c < SIZE ; c++ )
{
if (BENG[c].StudentID == find )
{
return c;
break;
}
}
return -1;
}
int linear_search_sname(char find)
{
int c;
for ( c = 0 ; c < SIZE ; c++ )
{
if (BENG[c].sname[21] == find )
{
return c;
break;
}
}
return -1;
}
void Run_statistics_for_individual_student()
{
long search;
int position,j,i,k,r,max,minsums,min=100;
float sums = 0,maxsums=0;
printf("Enter the number to search\n");
scanf("%ld",&search);
printf("The statistics for student ID:\n",search);
position = linear_search(search);
if ( position == -1 )
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
else
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
sums += BENG[position].results_semester_1[i];
}
printf("Average grade over 6 subjects for this student in semester 1 is %0.2f marks\n", sums/6);
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
maxsums = BENG[position].results_semester_1[i];
}
if(maxsums>max)
{
max=maxsums;
} // end of if
printf("Max grade for this student in semester 1 is %d\n", max);
{
for(k = 0; k < 6; k++)
{
if(BENG[position].results_semester_1[k]<min)
{
min=BENG[position].results_semester_1[k];
} // end of if
}// end of for
printf("Min grade for this student in semester 2 is %d\n", min);
}
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
sums += BENG[position].results_semester_2[i];
}
printf("Average grade over 6 subjects for this student in semester 2 is %0.2f marks\n", sums/6);
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
maxsums = BENG[position].results_semester_2[i];
}
if(maxsums>max)
{
max=maxsums;
} // end of if
printf("Max grade for this student in semester 2 is %d\n", max);
{
for(k = 0; k < 6; k++)
{
if(BENG[position].results_semester_2[k]<min)
{
min=BENG[position].results_semester_2[k];
} // end of if
}// end of for
printf("Min grade for this student in semester 2 is %d\n", min);
}
return ;
}
void Run_statistics_for_all_student()
{
// output the values just entered
int i,j,k, max,min=100;
float sums,maxsums=0;
{
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
sums += BENG[i].results_semester_1[i];
} // end of for
} // end of for
} // end of if
printf("Average grade for all students in semester 1 is %0.2f \n", sums/(SIZE*6));
}
{
for(k = 0; k < SIZE; k++)
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
maxsums = BENG[i].results_semester_1[i];
}
if(maxsums>max)
{
max=maxsums;
}
}// end of for
}// end of if
}
printf("Max grade for all student in semester 1 is%d\n", max);
{
for(k = 0; k < SIZE; k++)
if(BENG[k].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].results_semester_1[i]<min)
{
min=BENG[i].results_semester_1[i];
}
}// end of for
}// end of for
}// end of if
}
printf("Min grade for all student in semester 1 is %d\n", min);
return ;
}
答案 0 :(得分：1)
整个代码中存在大量错误。所有这些都是由于没有放松和关注每一行（以及每行的一部分）。 C是完全语言。这是它的优势之一。语法或逻辑中没有足够接近这样的东西。找到大多数 ...疏忽...... 的一种方法是在警告开启的情况下进行编译。程序的编译字符串至少应包含-Wall -Wextra。例如：
gcc -Wall -Wextra -o student_database student_database.c
这将捕获大部分基本语法和变量类型不匹配问题。消除每个警告。编译器没有意外抛出它们。他们的意思是。
话虽如此，我已经删除了代码中的警告。我已经通过add_student函数，它接受输入并阻止newlines在下一个条目之前保留在输入缓冲区中。我已经纠正了其他方面，只是为了解决编译器警告。您的代码仍需要大量工作。这将给你一个良好的开端，消除那种不堪重负的感觉（暂时）。完成您的代码，查看我所做的更正。慢下来 - 你会做得很好。
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define SIZE 4
struct Student
{
long StudentID;//works
char fname[21];//works
char sname[21];//does not work
int year;//works
char course[51];//works
float results_semester_1[6];//works
float results_semester_2[6];//works
int free; // 1 means its free, 0 means its not
};
struct Student BENG[SIZE];
int menu(); // function prototype
void add_student(); // function prototype
void display_students(); // function prototype
void display_results(); // function prototype
void search_for_student_studentID(); // function prototype
void search_for_student_by_name(); // function prototype
void delete_student(); // function prototype
void initialise_database(); // function prototype
void Run_statistics_for_individual_student(); // function prototype
void Run_statistics_for_all_student(); // function prototype
int linear_search(long); // function prototype
int linear_search_sname(char*); // function prototype
int main()
{
initialise_database(); // call the function to set all free positions to 1
for(;;) // infinite loop
{
switch(menu()) // calling function menu within switch
{
case 1:
add_student(); // calling function add_student
break;
case 2:
delete_student(); // calling function delete_student
break;
case 3:
display_students(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 4:
search_for_student_studentID(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 5:
search_for_student_by_name(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 6:
Run_statistics_for_individual_student(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 7:
Run_statistics_for_all_student(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 8:
display_results(); // calling function display_students
break;
case 9:
printf("Quitting Program\n");
exit(1);
default:
printf("Invalid option chosen\n\n");
}
} // end of infinite loop
return 0;
}
void add_student()
{
int freepos = -1;
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
int k = 0;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].free == 1)
{
freepos = i;
break;
}
}
if(freepos != -1)
{
do
{
printf("Enter student ID (8-digits): ");
scanf("%ld%*c", &BENG[freepos].StudentID);
}
while(BENG[freepos].StudentID<10000000 || BENG[freepos].StudentID>99999999);
printf("Enter firstname: ");
scanf("%[^\n]%*c", BENG[freepos].fname);
printf("Enter surname: ");
scanf("%[^\n]%*c", BENG[freepos].sname);
do
{
printf("Enter year of course (1-4): ");
scanf("%d%*c", &BENG[freepos].year);
}
while(BENG[freepos].year < 1 || BENG[freepos].year > 4);
printf("Enter course name: ");
scanf("%[^\n]%*c", BENG[freepos].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Enter result of semester 1 Module %d: ", j+1);
scanf("%f%*c", &BENG[freepos].results_semester_1[j]);
}
for(k = 0; k < 6; k++)
{
printf("Enter result of semester 2 Module %d: ", k+1);
scanf("%f%*c", &BENG[freepos].results_semester_2[k]);
}
BENG[freepos].free = 0; // mark record as taken
}
else
printf("No position free at present\n");
}
void display_students()
{
// output the values just entered
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
printf("Student ID: %ld:\n", BENG[i].StudentID);
printf("Firstname: %s\n", BENG[i].fname);
printf("Surname: %s\n", BENG[i].sname);
printf("Year: %d\n", BENG[i].year);
printf("Course: %s\n", BENG[i].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_1[j]);
} // end of for
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_2[j]);
} // end of for
} // end of if
} // end of for
}
void display_results()
{
// output the values just entered
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_1[j]);
} // end of for
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[i].results_semester_2[j]);
} // end of for
} // end of if
} // end of for
}
int menu()
{
int choice;
printf("1. To add a student\n");
printf("2. To delete a student\n");
printf("3. To display all students\n");
printf("4. Find a student using studentID\n");
printf("5. Find a student by student Surname\n");
printf("6. Find student would you like to run statistics for\n");
printf("7. Find statistics for all students\n");
printf("8. Display results of all students\n");
printf("9. Exit Program\n");
do
{
scanf("%d", &choice);
}
while(choice < 1 || choice > 9);
return choice;
}
void initialise_database()
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) // set all structure variables free to 1
BENG[i].free = 1;
}
void delete_student()
{
long search = 0;
int position = 0;
printf("Enter the number of student to delete\n");
scanf("%ld%*c",&search);
position = linear_search(search);
if ( position == -1 )
printf("%ld is not present in array.\n", search);
else
printf("%ld is present at location %d.\n", search, position+1);
BENG[position].free = 1;
return;
}
void search_for_student_studentID()
{
long search = 0;
int position = 0;
int j = 0;
printf ("Enter the number to search: ");
scanf ("%ld%*c",&search);
position = linear_search (search);
if ( position == -1 )
printf("%ld is not present in array.\n", search);
else
printf("%ld is present at location %d.\n", search, position+1);
printf("Student ID: %ld:\n", BENG[position].StudentID);
printf("Firstname: %s\n", BENG[position].fname);
printf("Surname: %s\n", BENG[position].sname);
printf("Year: %d\n", BENG[position].year);
printf("Course: %s\n", BENG[position].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[position].results_semester_1[j]);
}
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[position].results_semester_2[j]);
}
return;
}
void search_for_student_by_name (char *sname)
{
int position = 0;
int j = 0;
printf("Enter the surname of student to search\n");
scanf("%[^\n]%*c", sname);
position = linear_search_sname(sname);
if ( position == 1 )
printf("%s is not present in array.\n", sname);
else
printf("%s is present at location %d.\n", sname, position+1);
printf("Student ID: %ld:\n", BENG[position].StudentID);
printf("Firstname: %s\n", BENG[position].fname);
printf("Surname: %s\n", BENG[position].sname);
printf("Year: %d\n", BENG[position].year);
printf("Course: %s\n", BENG[position].course);
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 1 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[position].results_semester_1[j]);
}
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
printf("Result semester 2 Module %d: %0.2f\n", j+1, BENG[position].results_semester_2[j]);
}
return;
}
int linear_search(long find)
{
int c = 0;
for ( c = 0 ; c < SIZE ; c++ )
if (BENG[c].StudentID == find )
return c;
return -1;
}
int linear_search_sname(char *find)
{
int c = 0;
for ( c = 0 ; c < SIZE ; c++ )
if (strcmp (BENG[c].sname, find) == 0 )
return c;
return -1;
}
void Run_statistics_for_individual_student()
{
long search = 0;
int position = 0;
int i = 0;
int k = 0;
int max = 0;
int min = 100;
float sums = 0,maxsums=0;
printf("Enter the number to search\n");
scanf("%ld",&search);
printf("The statistics for student ID (%ld):\n",search);
position = linear_search(search);
if ( position == -1 )
printf("%ld is not present in array.\n", search);
else
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
sums += BENG[position].results_semester_1[i];
}
printf("Average grade over 6 subjects for this student in semester 1 is %0.2f marks\n", sums/6);
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
maxsums = BENG[position].results_semester_1[i];
}
if(maxsums>max)
{
max=maxsums;
} // end of if
printf("Max grade for this student in semester 1 is %d\n", max);
{
for(k = 0; k < 6; k++)
{
if(BENG[position].results_semester_1[k]<min)
{
min=BENG[position].results_semester_1[k];
} // end of if
}// end of for
printf("Min grade for this student in semester 2 is %d\n", min);
}
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
sums += BENG[position].results_semester_2[i];
}
printf("Average grade over 6 subjects for this student in semester 2 is %0.2f marks\n", sums/6);
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
maxsums = BENG[position].results_semester_2[i];
}
if(maxsums>max)
{
max=maxsums;
} // end of if
printf("Max grade for this student in semester 2 is %d\n", max);
{
for(k = 0; k < 6; k++)
{
if(BENG[position].results_semester_2[k]<min)
{
min=BENG[position].results_semester_2[k];
} // end of if
}// end of for
printf("Min grade for this student in semester 2 is %d\n", min);
}
return ;
}
void Run_statistics_for_all_student()
{
// output the values just entered
int i,j,k, max,min=100;
float sums,maxsums=0;
{
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
sums += BENG[i].results_semester_1[i];
} // end of for
} // end of for
} // end of if
printf("Average grade for all students in semester 1 is %0.2f \n", sums/(SIZE*6));
}
{
for(k = 0; k < SIZE; k++)
if(BENG[i].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
for(i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
maxsums = BENG[i].results_semester_1[i];
}
if(maxsums>max)
{
max=maxsums;
}
}// end of for
}// end of if
}
printf("Max grade for all student in semester 1 is%d\n", max);
{
for(k = 0; k < SIZE; k++)
if(BENG[k].free == 0) // only print taken records
{
for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
if(BENG[i].results_semester_1[i]<min)
{
min=BENG[i].results_semester_1[i];
}
}// end of for
}// end of for
}// end of if
}
printf("Min grade for all student in semester 1 is %d\n", min);
return ;
}
使用/输出：
./bin/student_database
1. To add a student
2. To delete a student
3. To display all students
4. Find a student using studentID
5. Find a student by student Surname
6. Find student would you like to run statistics for
7. Find statistics for all students
8. Display results of all students
9. Exit Program
1
Enter student ID (8-digits): 12345678
Enter firstname: Johnny
Enter surname: Walker
Enter year of course (1-4): 1
Enter course name: UnderwaterMusic
Enter result of semester 1 Module 1: 88.8
Enter result of semester 1 Module 2: 89.8
Enter result of semester 1 Module 3: 90.8
Enter result of semester 1 Module 4: 91.0
Enter result of semester 1 Module 5: 68.7
Enter result of semester 1 Module 6: 66.7
Enter result of semester 2 Module 1: 92.4
Enter result of semester 2 Module 2: 88.4
Enter result of semester 2 Module 3: 82.3
Enter result of semester 2 Module 4: 95.3
Enter result of semester 2 Module 5: 91.2
Enter result of semester 2 Module 6: 88.5
1. To add a student
2. To delete a student
3. To display all students
4. Find a student using studentID
5. Find a student by student Surname
6. Find student would you like to run statistics for
7. Find statistics for all students
8. Display results of all students
9. Exit Program
3
Student ID: 12345678:
Firstname: Johnny
Surname: Walker
Year: 1
Course: UnderwaterMusic
Result semester 1 Module 1: 88.80
Result semester 1 Module 2: 89.80
Result semester 1 Module 3: 90.80
Result semester 1 Module 4: 91.00
Result semester 1 Module 5: 68.70
Result semester 1 Module 6: 66.70
Result semester 2 Module 1: 92.40
Result semester 2 Module 2: 88.40
Result semester 2 Module 3: 82.30
Result semester 2 Module 4: 95.30
Result semester 2 Module 5: 91.20
Result semester 2 Module 6: 88.50
1. To add a student
2. To delete a student
3. To display all students
4. Find a student using studentID
5. Find a student by student Surname
6. Find student would you like to run statistics for
7. Find statistics for all students
8. Display results of all students
9. Exit Program
9
Quitting Program
其他建议
我给你的一个建议是不要在函数中静态声明字符串大小，只需在add_student函数中根据需要进行分配。例如：
struct Student
{
long StudentID;//works
char *fname;//works
char *sname;//does not work
int year;//works
char *course;//works
float results_semester_1[6];//works
float results_semester_2[6];//works
int free; // 1 means its free, 0 means its not
};
然后你可以简单地允许scanf根据需要动态分配内存，例如：
scanf("%m[^\n]%*c", &BENG[freepos].fname);
此外，您将看到我必须更改scanf中的所有add_student格式字符串，以防止newline保留在输入缓冲区中（按[enter]的结果）导致您的程序在下一个输入上跳过。控制输入缓冲区的状态至关重要。有很多方法可以做到这一点，但仔细看看man scanf是一个很好的起点。
答案 1 :(得分：0)
这里有一个错误
void search_for_student_by_name（sname）//只写sname的类型