我有一个data.table:
set.seed(1)
data <- data.table(time = c(1:3, 1:4),
groups = c(rep(c("b", "a"), c(3, 4))),
value = rnorm(7))
data
# groups time value
# 1: b 1 -0.6264538
# 2: b 2 0.1836433
# 3: b 3 -0.8356286
# 4: a 1 1.5952808
# 5: a 2 0.3295078
# 6: a 3 -0.8204684
# 7: a 4 0.4874291
我想计算“值”列的滞后版本, 每个级别的“群组”。
结果应该是
# groups time value lag.value
# 1 a 1 1.5952808 NA
# 2 a 2 0.3295078 1.5952808
# 3 a 3 -0.8204684 0.3295078
# 4 a 4 0.4874291 -0.8204684
# 5 b 1 -0.6264538 NA
# 6 b 2 0.1836433 -0.6264538
# 7 b 3 -0.8356286 0.1836433
我试图直接使用lag
:
data$lag.value <- lag(data$value)
......显然不行。
我也尝试过:
unlist(tapply(data$value, data$groups, lag))
a1 a2 a3 a4 b1 b2 b3
NA -0.1162932 0.4420753 2.1505440 NA 0.5894583 -0.2890288
这几乎是我想要的。但是,生成的向量的排序与data.table中的排序不同,这是有问题的。
在基础R,plyr,dplyr和data.table中执行此操作的最有效方法是什么?
答案 0 :(得分:81)
您可以在data.table
library(data.table)
data[, lag.value:=c(NA, value[-.N]), by=groups]
data
# time groups value lag.value
#1: 1 a 0.02779005 NA
#2: 2 a 0.88029938 0.02779005
#3: 3 a -1.69514201 0.88029938
#4: 1 b -1.27560288 NA
#5: 2 b -0.65976434 -1.27560288
#6: 3 b -1.37804943 -0.65976434
#7: 4 b 0.12041778 -1.37804943
对于多列:
nm1 <- grep("^value", colnames(data), value=TRUE)
nm2 <- paste("lag", nm1, sep=".")
data[, (nm2):=lapply(.SD, function(x) c(NA, x[-.N])), by=groups, .SDcols=nm1]
data
# time groups value value1 value2 lag.value lag.value1
#1: 1 b -0.6264538 0.7383247 1.12493092 NA NA
#2: 2 b 0.1836433 0.5757814 -0.04493361 -0.6264538 0.7383247
#3: 3 b -0.8356286 -0.3053884 -0.01619026 0.1836433 0.5757814
#4: 1 a 1.5952808 1.5117812 0.94383621 NA NA
#5: 2 a 0.3295078 0.3898432 0.82122120 1.5952808 1.5117812
#6: 3 a -0.8204684 -0.6212406 0.59390132 0.3295078 0.3898432
#7: 4 a 0.4874291 -2.2146999 0.91897737 -0.8204684 -0.6212406
# lag.value2
#1: NA
#2: 1.12493092
#3: -0.04493361
#4: NA
#5: 0.94383621
#6: 0.82122120
#7: 0.59390132
从data.table
版本&gt; = v1.9.5
,我们可以将shift
与type
用作lag
或lead
。默认情况下,类型为lag
。
data[, (nm2) := shift(.SD), by=groups, .SDcols=nm1]
# time groups value value1 value2 lag.value lag.value1
#1: 1 b -0.6264538 0.7383247 1.12493092 NA NA
#2: 2 b 0.1836433 0.5757814 -0.04493361 -0.6264538 0.7383247
#3: 3 b -0.8356286 -0.3053884 -0.01619026 0.1836433 0.5757814
#4: 1 a 1.5952808 1.5117812 0.94383621 NA NA
#5: 2 a 0.3295078 0.3898432 0.82122120 1.5952808 1.5117812
#6: 3 a -0.8204684 -0.6212406 0.59390132 0.3295078 0.3898432
#7: 4 a 0.4874291 -2.2146999 0.91897737 -0.8204684 -0.6212406
# lag.value2
#1: NA
#2: 1.12493092
#3: -0.04493361
#4: NA
#5: 0.94383621
#6: 0.82122120
#7: 0.59390132
如果您需要反向,请使用type=lead
nm3 <- paste("lead", nm1, sep=".")
使用原始数据集
data[, (nm3) := shift(.SD, type='lead'), by = groups, .SDcols=nm1]
# time groups value value1 value2 lead.value lead.value1
#1: 1 b -0.6264538 0.7383247 1.12493092 0.1836433 0.5757814
#2: 2 b 0.1836433 0.5757814 -0.04493361 -0.8356286 -0.3053884
#3: 3 b -0.8356286 -0.3053884 -0.01619026 NA NA
#4: 1 a 1.5952808 1.5117812 0.94383621 0.3295078 0.3898432
#5: 2 a 0.3295078 0.3898432 0.82122120 -0.8204684 -0.6212406
#6: 3 a -0.8204684 -0.6212406 0.59390132 0.4874291 -2.2146999
#7: 4 a 0.4874291 -2.2146999 0.91897737 NA NA
# lead.value2
#1: -0.04493361
#2: -0.01619026
#3: NA
#4: 0.82122120
#5: 0.59390132
#6: 0.91897737
#7: NA
set.seed(1)
data <- data.table(time =c(1:3,1:4),groups = c(rep(c("b","a"),c(3,4))),
value = rnorm(7), value1=rnorm(7), value2=rnorm(7))
答案 1 :(得分:61)
使用包dplyr
:
library(dplyr)
data <-
data %>%
group_by(groups) %>%
mutate(lag.value = dplyr::lag(value, n = 1, default = NA))
给出
> data
Source: local data table [7 x 4]
Groups: groups
time groups value lag.value
1 1 a 0.07614866 NA
2 2 a -0.02784712 0.07614866
3 3 a 1.88612245 -0.02784712
4 1 b 0.26526825 NA
5 2 b 1.23820506 0.26526825
6 3 b 0.09276648 1.23820506
7 4 b -0.09253594 0.09276648
如@BrianD所述,这隐含地假设值已按组排序。如果不是,请按组排序,或使用order_by
中的lag
参数。另请注意,由于existing issue具有某些版本的dplyr,为了安全起见,应明确给出参数和命名空间。
答案 2 :(得分:5)
在基地R中,这将完成工作:
data$lag.value <- c(NA, data$value[-nrow(data)])
data$lag.value[which(!duplicated(data$groups))] <- NA
第一行添加了一串滞后(+1)观测值。第二个字符串更正每个组的第一个条目,因为滞后观察来自前一个组。
请注意,data
的格式为data.frame
,不能使用data.table
。
答案 3 :(得分:2)
如果您想确保在排序数据时避免任何问题,可以使用dplyr手动执行此操作,例如:
df <- data.frame(Names = c(rep('Dan',50),rep('Dave',100)),
Dates = c(seq(1,100,by=2),seq(1,100,by=1)),
Values = rnorm(150,0,1))
df <- df %>% group_by(Names) %>% mutate(Rank=rank(Dates),
RankDown=Rank-1)
df <- df %>% left_join(select(df,Rank,ValueDown=Values,Names),by=c('RankDown'='Rank','Names')
) %>% select(-Rank,-RankDown)
head(df)
或者我喜欢把它放在一个带有选定分组变量,排序列(如Date或其他)和所选滞后数的函数中的想法。这也需要lazyeval和dplyr。
groupLag <- function(mydf,grouping,ranking,lag){
df <- mydf
groupL <- lapply(grouping,as.symbol)
names <- c('Rank','RankDown')
foos <- list(interp(~rank(var),var=as.name(ranking)),~Rank-lag)
df <- df %>% group_by_(.dots=groupL) %>% mutate_(.dots=setNames(foos,names))
selectedNames <- c('Rank','Values',grouping)
df2 <- df %>% select_(.dots=selectedNames)
colnames(df2) <- c('Rank','ValueDown',grouping)
df <- df %>% left_join(df2,by=c('RankDown'='Rank',grouping)) %>% select(-Rank,-RankDown)
return(df)
}
groupLag(df,c('Names'),c('Dates'),1)
答案 4 :(得分:2)
我想通过提到两种在重要情况下解决此问题的方式来补充以前的答案,不能保证每个组在每个时间段都有数据。也就是说,您仍然有一个固定间隔的时间序列,但是到处都有可能丢失。我将重点介绍两种改进dplyr
解决方案的方法。
我们从您使用的相同数据开始...
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
set.seed(1)
data_df = data.frame(time = c(1:3, 1:4),
groups = c(rep(c("b", "a"), c(3, 4))),
value = rnorm(7))
data_df
#> time groups value
#> 1 1 b -0.6264538
#> 2 2 b 0.1836433
#> 3 3 b -0.8356286
#> 4 1 a 1.5952808
#> 5 2 a 0.3295078
#> 6 3 a -0.8204684
#> 7 4 a 0.4874291
...但是现在我们删除几行
data_df = data_df[-c(2, 6), ]
data_df
#> time groups value
#> 1 1 b -0.6264538
#> 3 3 b -0.8356286
#> 4 1 a 1.5952808
#> 5 2 a 0.3295078
#> 7 4 a 0.4874291
dplyr
解决方案不再起作用data_df %>%
arrange(groups, time) %>%
group_by(groups) %>%
mutate(lag.value = lag(value)) %>%
ungroup()
#> # A tibble: 5 x 4
#> time groups value lag.value
#> <int> <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1 a 1.60 NA
#> 2 2 a 0.330 1.60
#> 3 4 a 0.487 0.330
#> 4 1 b -0.626 NA
#> 5 3 b -0.836 -0.626
您会看到,尽管我们没有案例(group = 'a', time = '3')
的值,但上面的案例仍然显示了(group = 'a', time = '4')
情况下的滞后值,实际上是{ {1}}。
time = 2
解决方案想法是我们添加缺少的(组,时间)组合。当您有很多可能的(组,时间)组合时,这非常内存效率低下,但是这些值被稀疏地捕获。
dplyr
请注意,我们现在在dplyr_correct_df = expand.grid(
groups = sort(unique(data_df$groups)),
time = seq(from = min(data_df$time), to = max(data_df$time))
) %>%
left_join(data_df, by = c("groups", "time")) %>%
arrange(groups, time) %>%
group_by(groups) %>%
mutate(lag.value = lag(value)) %>%
ungroup()
dplyr_correct_df
#> # A tibble: 8 x 4
#> groups time value lag.value
#> <fct> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 1.60 NA
#> 2 a 2 0.330 1.60
#> 3 a 3 NA 0.330
#> 4 a 4 0.487 NA
#> 5 b 1 -0.626 NA
#> 6 b 2 NA -0.626
#> 7 b 3 -0.836 NA
#> 8 b 4 NA -0.836
有一个NA,这应该是预期的行为。与(group = 'a', time = '4')
相同。
(group = 'b', time = '3')
的烦人但又正确的解决方案当案件数量很大时,此解决方案在内存方面应该会更好地工作,因为它不使用NA填充丢失的案件,而是使用索引。
zoo::zooreg
最后,让我们检查两个正确的解是否相等:
library(zoo)
zooreg_correct_df = data_df %>%
as_tibble() %>%
# nest the data for each group
# should work for multiple groups variables
nest(-groups, .key = "zoo_ob") %>%
mutate(zoo_ob = lapply(zoo_ob, function(d) {
# create zooreg objects from the individual data.frames created by nest
z = zoo::zooreg(
data = select(d,-time),
order.by = d$time,
frequency = 1
) %>%
# calculate lags
# we also ask for the 0'th order lag so that we keep the original value
zoo:::lag.zooreg(k = (-1):0) # note the sign convention is different
# recover df's from zooreg objects
cbind(
time = as.integer(zoo::index(z)),
zoo:::as.data.frame.zoo(z)
)
})) %>%
unnest() %>%
# format values
select(groups, time, value = value.lag0, lag.value = `value.lag-1`) %>%
arrange(groups, time) %>%
# eliminate additional periods created by lag
filter(time <= max(data_df$time))
zooreg_correct_df
#> # A tibble: 8 x 4
#> groups time value lag.value
#> <fct> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 1.60 NA
#> 2 a 2 0.330 1.60
#> 3 a 3 NA 0.330
#> 4 a 4 0.487 NA
#> 5 b 1 -0.626 NA
#> 6 b 2 NA -0.626
#> 7 b 3 -0.836 NA
#> 8 b 4 NA -0.836