我不知道这意味着什么。但是这里是它正在发生的代码。
//=======================================================================================
// d3dApp.cpp by Frank Luna (C) 2008 All Rights Reserved.
//=======================================================================================
#include "d3dApp.h"
#include <stream>
LRESULT CALLBACK
MainWndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static D3DApp* app = 0;
switch( msg )
{
case WM_CREATE:
{
// Get the 'this' pointer we passed to CreateWindow via the lpParam parameter.
CREATESTRUCT* cs = (CREATESTRUCT*)lParam;
app = (D3DApp*)cs->lpCreateParams;
return 0;
}
}
// Don't start processing messages until after WM_CREATE.
if( app )
return app->msgProc(msg, wParam, lParam);
else
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
D3DApp::D3DApp(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
mhAppInst = hInstance;
mhMainWnd = 0;
mAppPaused = false;
mMinimized = false;
mMaximized = false;
mResizing = false;
mFrameStats = L"";
md3dDevice = 0;
mSwapChain = 0;
mDepthStencilBuffer = 0;
mRenderTargetView = 0;
mDepthStencilView = 0;
mFont = 0;
mMainWndCaption = L"D3D10 Application";
md3dDriverType = D3D10_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE;
mClearColor = D3DXCOLOR(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
mClientWidth = 800;
mClientHeight = 600;
}
D3DApp::~D3DApp()
{
ReleaseCOM(mRenderTargetView);
ReleaseCOM(mDepthStencilView);
ReleaseCOM(mSwapChain);
ReleaseCOM(mDepthStencilBuffer);
ReleaseCOM(md3dDevice);
ReleaseCOM(mFont);
}
HINSTANCE D3DApp::getAppInst()
{
return mhAppInst;
}
HWND D3DApp::getMainWnd()
{
return mhMainWnd;
}
int D3DApp::run()
{
MSG msg = {0};
mTimer.reset();
while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
// If there are Window messages then process them.
if(PeekMessage( &msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE ))
{
TranslateMessage( &msg );
DispatchMessage( &msg );
}
// Otherwise, do animation/game stuff.
else
{
mTimer.tick();
if( !mAppPaused )
updateScene(mTimer.getDeltaTime());
else
Sleep(50);
drawScene();
}
}
return (int)msg.wParam;
}
void D3DApp::initApp()
{
initMainWindow();
initDirect3D();
D3DX10_FONT_DESC fontDesc;
fontDesc.Height = 24;
fontDesc.Width = 0;
fontDesc.Weight = 0;
fontDesc.MipLevels = 1;
fontDesc.Italic = false;
fontDesc.CharSet = DEFAULT_CHARSET;
fontDesc.OutputPrecision = OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS;
fontDesc.Quality = DEFAULT_QUALITY;
fontDesc.PitchAndFamily = DEFAULT_PITCH | FF_DONTCARE;
wcscpy(fontDesc.FaceName, L"Times New Roman");
D3DX10CreateFontIndirect(md3dDevice, &fontDesc, &mFont);
}
void D3DApp::onResize()
{
// Release the old views, as they hold references to the buffers we
// will be destroying. Also release the old depth/stencil buffer.
ReleaseCOM(mRenderTargetView);
ReleaseCOM(mDepthStencilView);
ReleaseCOM(mDepthStencilBuffer);
// Resize the swap chain and recreate the render target view.
HR(mSwapChain->ResizeBuffers(1, mClientWidth, mClientHeight, DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, 0));
ID3D10Texture2D* backBuffer;
HR(mSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D10Texture2D), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&backBuffer)));
HR(md3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(backBuffer, 0, &mRenderTargetView));
ReleaseCOM(backBuffer);
// Create the depth/stencil buffer and view.
D3D10_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthStencilDesc;
depthStencilDesc.Width = mClientWidth;
depthStencilDesc.Height = mClientHeight;
depthStencilDesc.MipLevels = 1;
depthStencilDesc.ArraySize = 1;
depthStencilDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1; // multisampling must match
depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0; // swap chain values.
depthStencilDesc.Usage = D3D10_USAGE_DEFAULT;
depthStencilDesc.BindFlags = D3D10_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
depthStencilDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
depthStencilDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
HR(md3dDevice->CreateTexture2D(&depthStencilDesc, 0, &mDepthStencilBuffer));
HR(md3dDevice->CreateDepthStencilView(mDepthStencilBuffer, 0, &mDepthStencilView));
// Bind the render target view and depth/stencil view to the pipeline.
md3dDevice->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &mRenderTargetView, mDepthStencilView);
// Set the viewport transform.
D3D10_VIEWPORT vp;
vp.TopLeftX = 0;
vp.TopLeftY = 0;
vp.Width = mClientWidth;
vp.Height = mClientHeight;
vp.MinDepth = 0.0f;
vp.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
md3dDevice->RSSetViewports(1, &vp);
}
void D3DApp::updateScene(float dt)
{
// Code computes the average frames per second, and also the
// average time it takes to render one frame.
static int frameCnt = 0;
static float t_base = 0.0f;
frameCnt++;
// Compute averages over one second period.
if( (mTimer.getGameTime() - t_base) >= 1.0f )
{
float fps = (float)frameCnt; // fps = frameCnt / 1
float mspf = 1000.0f / fps;
std::wostringstream outs;
outs.precision(6);
outs << L"FPS: " << fps << L"\n"
<< "Milliseconds: Per Frame: " << mspf;
mFrameStats = outs.str();
// Reset for next average.
frameCnt = 0;
t_base += 1.0f;
}
}
void D3DApp::drawScene()
{
md3dDevice->ClearRenderTargetView(mRenderTargetView, mClearColor);
md3dDevice->ClearDepthStencilView(mDepthStencilView, D3D10_CLEAR_DEPTH|D3D10_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0);
}
LRESULT D3DApp::msgProc(UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch( msg )
{
// WM_ACTIVATE is sent when the window is activated or deactivated.
// We pause the game when the window is deactivated and unpause it
// when it becomes active.
case WM_ACTIVATE:
if( LOWORD(wParam) == WA_INACTIVE )
{
mAppPaused = true;
mTimer.stop();
}
else
{
mAppPaused = false;
mTimer.start();
}
return 0;
// WM_SIZE is sent when the user resizes the window.
case WM_SIZE:
// Save the new client area dimensions.
mClientWidth = LOWORD(lParam);
mClientHeight = HIWORD(lParam);
if( md3dDevice )
{
if( wParam == SIZE_MINIMIZED )
{
mAppPaused = true;
mMinimized = true;
mMaximized = false;
}
else if( wParam == SIZE_MAXIMIZED )
{
mAppPaused = false;
mMinimized = false;
mMaximized = true;
onResize();
}
else if( wParam == SIZE_RESTORED )
{
// Restoring from minimized state?
if( mMinimized )
{
mAppPaused = false;
mMinimized = false;
onResize();
}
// Restoring from maximized state?
else if( mMaximized )
{
mAppPaused = false;
mMaximized = false;
onResize();
}
else if( mResizing )
{
// If user is dragging the resize bars, we do not resize
// the buffers here because as the user continuously
// drags the resize bars, a stream of WM_SIZE messages are
// sent to the window, and it would be pointless (and slow)
// to resize for each WM_SIZE message received from dragging
// the resize bars. So instead, we reset after the user is
// done resizing the window and releases the resize bars, which
// sends a WM_EXITSIZEMOVE message.
}
else // API call such as SetWindowPos or mSwapChain->SetFullscreenState.
{
onResize();
}
}
}
return 0;
// WM_EXITSIZEMOVE is sent when the user grabs the resize bars.
case WM_ENTERSIZEMOVE:
mAppPaused = true;
mResizing = true;
mTimer.stop();
return 0;
// WM_EXITSIZEMOVE is sent when the user releases the resize bars.
// Here we reset everything based on the new window dimensions.
case WM_EXITSIZEMOVE:
mAppPaused = false;
mResizing = false;
mTimer.start();
onResize();
return 0;
// WM_DESTROY is sent when the window is being destroyed.
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
// The WM_MENUCHAR message is sent when a menu is active and the user presses
// a key that does not correspond to any mnemonic or accelerator key.
case WM_MENUCHAR:
// Don't beep when we alt-enter.
return MAKELRESULT(0, MNC_CLOSE);
// Catch this message so to prevent the window from becoming too small.
case WM_GETMINMAXINFO:
((MINMAXINFO*)lParam)->ptMinTrackSize.x = 200;
((MINMAXINFO*)lParam)->ptMinTrackSize.y = 200;
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(mhMainWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
void D3DApp::initMainWindow()
{
WNDCLASS wc;
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = MainWndProc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = mhAppInst;
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(0, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(NULL_BRUSH);
wc.lpszMenuName = 0;
wc.lpszClassName = L"D3DWndClassName";
if( !RegisterClass(&wc) )
{
MessageBox(0, L"RegisterClass FAILED", 0, 0);
PostQuitMessage(0);
}
// Compute window rectangle dimensions based on requested client area dimensions.
RECT R = { 0, 0, mClientWidth, mClientHeight };
AdjustWindowRect(&R, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, false);
int width = R.right - R.left;
int height = R.bottom - R.top;
mhMainWnd = CreateWindow(L"D3DWndClassName", mMainWndCaption.c_str(),
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, width, height, 0, 0, mhAppInst, this);
if( !mhMainWnd )
{
MessageBox(0, L"CreateWindow FAILED", 0, 0);
PostQuitMessage(0);
}
ShowWindow(mhMainWnd, SW_SHOW);
UpdateWindow(mhMainWnd);
}
void D3DApp::initDirect3D()
{
// Fill out a DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC to describe our swap chain.
DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
sd.BufferDesc.Width = mClientWidth;
sd.BufferDesc.Height = mClientHeight;
sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
sd.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
sd.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;
// No multisampling.
sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
sd.BufferCount = 1;
sd.OutputWindow = mhMainWnd;
sd.Windowed = true;
sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
sd.Flags = 0;
// Create the device.
UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG)
createDeviceFlags |= D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif
HR( D3D10CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(
0, //default adapter
md3dDriverType,
0, // no software device
createDeviceFlags,
D3D10_SDK_VERSION,
&sd,
&mSwapChain,
&md3dDevice) );
// The remaining steps that need to be carried out for d3d creation
// also need to be executed every time the window is resized. So
// just call the onResize method here to avoid code duplication.
onResize();
}
答案 0 :(得分：20)
一些没有包含保护的包含文件包含自身（直接或间接）。
在IDE的项目选项中使用/ showIncludes（“配置属性/ C / C ++ /高级/显示包含”）来获取帮助。
答案 1 :(得分：11)
解决问题的最简单方法是在所有标题文件的顶部添加：
#pragma once
每次在C ++中创建头文件时都要这样做。如果您的编译器不支持上述内容（我严重怀疑是否有人使用不支持它的编译器，您使用的Visual Studio），那么您可以使用include guards。
#pragma once指令确保您的包含只会包含一次。
如果您遇到以下情况，您将收到错误：
档案：a.h
#include "b.h"
file：b.h
#include "a.h"
然后在您的主应用程序中包含2个头文件中的一个。
您可以通过执行以下操作来解决问题：
档案：a.h
#pragma once
#include "b.h"
file：b.h
#pragma once
#include "a.h"
答案 2 :(得分：0)
std::stringstream位于sstream标题中，因此：
#include <sstream>
答案 3 :(得分：0)
我认为你的解决方案是Michael Burr所说的递归包含，但是对于记录，当层次结构太深时，它也可能只发生正确的包含。
例如，如果您有1024个文件，每个文件只包含下一个文件。