我有3个型号:
class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :student_enrollments, dependent: :destroy
has_many :courses, through: :student_enrollments
end
class Course < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :student_enrollments, dependent: :destroy
has_many :students, through: :student_enrollments
end
class StudentEnrollment < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :student
belongs_to :course
end
我希望查询课程表中的课程列表,这些课程在StudentEnrollments表中与特定学生相关联。
我发现也许Left Join是要走的路,但似乎rails中的join()只接受一个表作为参数。 我认为可以做我想做的SQL查询是:
SELECT *
FROM Courses c LEFT JOIN StudentEnrollment se ON c.id = se.course_id
WHERE se.id IS NULL AND se.student_id = <SOME_STUDENT_ID_VALUE> and c.active = true
如何以Rails 4的方式执行此查询?
赞赏任何意见。
答案 0 :(得分:77)
您也可以传递一个join-sql字符串。例如joins("LEFT JOIN StudentEnrollment se ON c.id = se.course_id")
虽然我为了清晰起见使用了rails标准表格命名:
joins("LEFT JOIN student_enrollments ON courses.id = student_enrollments.course_id")
答案 1 :(得分:23)
如果有人来到这里寻找在Rails 5中进行左外连接的通用方法,可以使用#left_outer_joins
函数。
多联接示例:
红宝石:
Source.
select('sources.id', 'count(metrics.id)').
left_outer_joins(:metrics).
joins(:port).
where('ports.auto_delete = ?', true).
group('sources.id').
having('count(metrics.id) = 0').
all
SQL:
SELECT sources.id, count(metrics.id)
FROM "sources"
INNER JOIN "ports" ON "ports"."id" = "sources"."port_id"
LEFT OUTER JOIN "metrics" ON "metrics"."source_id" = "sources"."id"
WHERE (ports.auto_delete = 't')
GROUP BY sources.id
HAVING (count(metrics.id) = 0)
ORDER BY "sources"."id" ASC
答案 2 :(得分:20)
实际上有一种&#34; Rails Way&#34;去做这个。
您可以使用Arel,这是Rails用于构建ActiveRecrods查询的内容
我会将它包装在方法中,以便您可以很好地调用它并传入您想要的任何参数,例如:
class Course < ActiveRecord::Base
....
def left_join_student_enrollments(some_user)
courses = Course.arel_table
student_entrollments = StudentEnrollment.arel_table
enrollments = courses.join(student_enrollments, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).
on(courses[:id].eq(student_enrollments[:course_id])).
join_sources
joins(enrollments).where(
student_enrollments: {student_id: some_user.id, id: nil},
active: true
)
end
....
end
还有许多使用
的快速(和稍微脏)的方式Course.eager_load(:students).where(
student_enrollments: {student_id: some_user.id, id: nil},
active: true
)
eager_load工作得很好,只有副作用&#34;记忆中你可能不需要的模型(如你的情况)
请参阅Rails ActiveRecord :: QueryMethods .eager_load
它完全按照你要求的方式完成。
答案 3 :(得分:10)
组合includes
和where
会导致ActiveRecord在幕后执行LEFT OUTER JOIN(没有这将生成两个查询的正常集合)。
所以你可以这样做:
Course.includes(:student_enrollments).where(student_enrollments: { course_id: nil })
答案 4 :(得分:8)
您执行以下搜索:
Course.joins('LEFT JOIN student_enrollment on courses.id = student_enrollment.course_id')
.where(active: true, student_enrollments: { student_id: SOME_VALUE, id: nil })
答案 5 :(得分:8)
添加上面的答案,使用includes
,如果你想要一个OUTER JOIN而不引用where中的表(比如id为nil)或者引用是在一个字符串中你可以使用{{1} }。这看起来像这样:
references
或
Course.includes(:student_enrollments).references(:student_enrollments)
http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/QueryMethods.html#method-i-references
答案 6 :(得分:5)
我知道这是一个古老的问题和一个古老的话题,但是在Rails 5中,您可以简单地做到
Course.left_outer_joins(:student_enrollments)
答案 7 :(得分:4)
它是Rails中Active Model中的连接查询。
Please click here for More info about Active Model Query Format
@course= Course.joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN StudentEnrollment
ON StudentEnrollment .id = Courses.user_id").
where("StudentEnrollment .id IS NULL AND StudentEnrollment .student_id =
<SOME_STUDENT_ID_VALUE> and Courses.active = true").select
答案 8 :(得分:4)
我在很长一段时间内一直在努力解决这类问题,并决定一劳永逸地解决这个问题。我发布了一个解决此问题的要点:https://gist.github.com/nerde/b867cd87d580e97549f2
我创建了一个使用Arel Table来动态构建左连接的AR hack,而无需在代码中编写原始SQL:
class ActiveRecord::Base
# Does a left join through an association. Usage:
#
# Book.left_join(:category)
# # SELECT "books".* FROM "books"
# # LEFT OUTER JOIN "categories"
# # ON "books"."category_id" = "categories"."id"
#
# It also works through association's associations, like `joins` does:
#
# Book.left_join(category: :master_category)
def self.left_join(*columns)
_do_left_join columns.compact.flatten
end
private
def self._do_left_join(column, this = self) # :nodoc:
collection = self
if column.is_a? Array
column.each do |col|
collection = collection._do_left_join(col, this)
end
elsif column.is_a? Hash
column.each do |key, value|
assoc = this.reflect_on_association(key)
raise "#{this} has no association: #{key}." unless assoc
collection = collection._left_join(assoc)
collection = collection._do_left_join value, assoc.klass
end
else
assoc = this.reflect_on_association(column)
raise "#{this} has no association: #{column}." unless assoc
collection = collection._left_join(assoc)
end
collection
end
def self._left_join(assoc) # :nodoc:
source = assoc.active_record.arel_table
pk = assoc.association_primary_key.to_sym
joins source.join(assoc.klass.arel_table,
Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(source[assoc.foreign_key].eq(
assoc.klass.arel_table[pk])).join_sources
end
end
希望它有所帮助。
答案 9 :(得分:3)
使用Squeel:
Person.joins{articles.inner}
Person.joins{articles.outer}
答案 10 :(得分:3)
如果您想要OUTER JOIN而没有所有额外的热切加载的ActiveRecord对象,请在.pluck(:id)
之后使用.eager_load()
中止预先加载,同时保留OUTER JOIN。使用.pluck(:id)
阻止了预先加载,因为列名别名(例如items.location AS t1_r9
)在使用时从生成的查询中消失(这些独立命名的字段用于实例化所有急切加载的ActiveRecord对象)。
这种方法的一个缺点是,您需要运行第二个查询以引入第一个查询中标识的所需ActiveRecord对象:
# first query
idents = Course
.eager_load(:students) # eager load for OUTER JOIN
.where(
student_enrollments: {student_id: some_user.id, id: nil},
active: true
)
.distinct
.pluck(:id) # abort eager loading but preserve OUTER JOIN
# second query
Course.where(id: idents)
答案 11 :(得分:3)
您可以使用left_joins gem,它将Rails 5中的left_joins
方法用于Rails 4和3。
Course.left_joins(:student_enrollments)
.where('student_enrollments.id' => nil)