#include <windows.h>会导致很多语法错误</windows.h>

Question

我的程序使用Qt和OpenGL。它在Linux和Mac下正确编译。 在windows上编译时，我需要#include windows.h才能使用OpenGL，代码如下，

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64) || defined(WIN32) || defined(WIN64)
#include <windows.h>
#endif
#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <OpenGL/glu.h>
#include <GLUT/glut.h>
#else
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
#endif

但是，有很多错误消息，如

 C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(167) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'PRPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(167) : error C2165: 'left-side modifier' : cannot modify pointers to data
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(167) : error C2513: 'void *' : no variable declared before '='
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(167) : error C2440: 'initializing' : cannot convert from 'std::ostream' to 'void *'
        No user-defined-conversion operator available that can perform this conversion, or the operator cannot be called
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(168) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(226) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'RPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(226) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(226) : error C2491: 'I_RpcNegotiateTransferSyntax' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(227) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(235) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'RPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(235) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(235) : error C2491: 'I_RpcGetBuffer' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(236) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(242) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'RPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(242) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(242) : error C2491: 'I_RpcGetBufferWithObject' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(244) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(251) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'RPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(251) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(251) : error C2491: 'I_RpcSendReceive' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(252) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(259) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'RPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(259) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(259) : error C2491: 'I_RpcFreeBuffer' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(260) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(267) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'PRPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(267) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(267) : error C2491: 'I_RpcSend' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(268) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(275) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'PRPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(275) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(275) : error C2491: 'I_RpcReceive' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(277) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(284) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'RPC_MESSAGE'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(284) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(284) : error C2491: 'I_RpcFreePipeBuffer' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(285) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(302) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'I_RPC_MUTEX'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(302) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(302) : error C2182: 'I_RpcRequestMutex' : illegal use of type 'void'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(302) : error C2491: 'I_RpcRequestMutex' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(303) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(438) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(453) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(479) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(487) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(534) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(542) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(728) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(744) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(754) : error C2146: syntax error : missing ')' before identifier 'UUID'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(754) : warning C4229: anachronism used : modifiers on data are ignored
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(754) : error C2491: 'I_UuidCreate' : definition of dllimport data not allowed
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(755) : error C2059: syntax error : ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(763) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(771) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(779) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(838) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(848) : error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'cout'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(873) : error C2144: syntax error : 'unsigned long' should be preceded by ')'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(873) : error C2448: 'I_RpcConnectionInqSockBuffSize' : function-style initializer appears to be a function definition
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(874) : error C2144: syntax error : 'unsigned long' should be preceded by ';'
C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\include\shared\rpcdcep.h(874) : fatal error C1903: unable to recover from previous error(s); stopping compilation

如果我不#include windows.h，则不会出现这些错误。 我使用VS2013和Qt 5.3。

Answer 1

Microsoft Windows上的OpenGL与WGL绑定，后者又与GDI绑定。

因此，如果没有首先包含一些定义GDI / Windows预处理器令牌的特定于Windows的标头，例如{{1}，则不能#include <gl/gl.h>（您通过包含<GL/glu.h>来间接执行此操作） }和WINGDIAPI。但实际上，Windows上的任何OpenGL程序都与特定于Windows的任何内容（标题）相关联。

APIENTRY定义WinDef.h，APIENTRY定义WinGDI.h - 包括WINGDIAPI带来这两个标题（不幸的是还有很多其他垃圾）。所以包括Windows.h主要是方便;要 最低限度 在Windows上编译OpenGL软件，您应该Windows.h后跟#include <WinDef.h>，然后最后#include <WinGDI.h>。

或者，您可以在#include <GL/gl.h>之前#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN， 显着 减少包含的不相关内容的数量那个标题。许多Visual C ++项目实际上在首次创建时默认定义了预处理器定义，您可能希望查看项目是否以这种方式配置。

Answer 2

windows.h使全局命名空间变得混乱，有大量的错误，如ERROR，Rectangle ...

解决问题的一种方法是声明自己所需的功能（我想这不是太多的工作，因为你不需要超过10个功能）。您可以调用包含文件wgl.h或其他内容。

__declspec(dllimport) void* __stdcall wglCreateContext(void* hdc);
//... Other functions you need

OpenGL API在windows.h之外定义，所以没问题