为什么理想的带通滤波器不能按预期工作?

时间:2014-06-08 00:11:40

标签: c++ filtering signal-processing fft frequency-analysis

这是产生接近所需效果的最新版本

void DeleteFrequencies(short *audioDataBuffer, const int bufferSize, int lowestFrequency, int highestFrequency, int sampleRate )
{
    int frequencyInHzPerSample = sampleRate / bufferSize;
    /*             __________________________
    /* ___________                           __________________________  filter kernel   */
    int nOfPointsInFilterKernel = (lowestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample) + ( bufferSize - highestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample);
    U u;
    double *RealX = new  double[bufferSize];
    double *ImmX = new  double[bufferSize];
    ShortArrayToDoubleArray(audioDataBuffer, RealX, bufferSize);

    // padd with zeroes, so that inputSignalSamplesNumber + kernelLength - 1 = bufferSize

    // convert to frequency domain
    ForwardRealFFT(RealX, ImmX, bufferSize);
    // cut frequences < 300 && > 3400
    int Multiplyer = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < 512; ++i)
    {
        if (i * 8000 / 1024 > 3400 || i * 8000 / bufferSize < 300 )
        {
            RealX[i] = 0;
            ImmX[i] = 0;
        }
        if (i < lowestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample || i > highestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample )
            Multiplyer = 0;
        else 
            Multiplyer = 1;
        RealX[i] = RealX[i] * Multiplyer /*ReH[f]*/  - ImmX[i] * Multiplyer;
        ImmX[i] = ImmX[i] * Multiplyer + RealX[i] * Multiplyer;

    }
    ReverseRealFFT(RealX, ImmX, bufferSize);
    DoubleArrayToShortArray(RealX, audioDataBuffer, bufferSize);
    delete [] RealX;
    delete [] ImmX;
}

enter image description here

但为什么会这样工作?

重要的是我刚开始学习DSP ,所以我可能不知道一些重要的想法 (我为此道歉,但我有需要解决的任务:我需要减少记录器语音中的背景噪音,我试图通过切断记录语音频率的范围<300&amp;&gt;&gt;来解决这个问题。 3700(作为[300; 3700]范围内的人声)我从那个方法开始,因为它很简单,但我找到了 out - 它不能应用(请参阅 - https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/6220/why-is-it-a-bad-idea-to-filter-by-zeroing-out-fft-bins/6224#6224 - 感谢@SleuthEye供参考)。
那么请你建议我基于FFT使用的简单解决方案,这将允许我至少删除给定的频率范围

我正在尝试实现理想的带通滤波器。但它并没有像我预期的那样工作 - 只有高频被削减。

以下是我的实施说明:

  1. 将采样率为8000 hz的PCM(原始)16位格式的ampiltude值读取到1024的短路缓冲区
  2. 应用FFT从时域到频域
  3. 将所有频率归零&lt; 300和&gt; 3700:
  4. 逆FFT

  5. union U
    {
        char ch[2];
        short sh;
    };
    std::fstream in;
    std::fstream out;
    short audioDataBuffer[1024];
    in.open ("mySound.pcm", std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
    out.open("mySoundFilteres.pcm", std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
    int i = 0;
    bool isDataInBuffer = true;
    U u;
    while (in.good())
    {
        int j = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 1024 * 2; i+=2)
        {
            if (false == in.good() && j < 1024) // padd with zeroes
            {
                audioDataBuffer[j] = 0;
            }
            in.read((char*)&audioDataBuffer[j], 2);
            cout << audioDataBuffer[j];
            ++j;
        }
        // Algorithm
        double RealX [1024] = {0};
        double ImmX [1024] = {0};
        ShortArrayToDoubleArray(audioDataBuffer, RealX, 1024);
    
        // convert to frequency domain
        ForwardRealFFT(RealX, ImmX, 1024);
        // cut frequences < 300 && > 3400
        for (int i = 0; i < 512; ++i)
        {
            if (i * 8000 / 1024 > 3400 || i * 8000 / 1024 < 300 )
            {
                RealX[i] = 0;
                ImmX[i] = 0;
            }
        }
        ReverseRealFFT(RealX, ImmX, 1024);
        DoubleArrayToShortArray(RealX, audioDataBuffer, 1024);
        for (int i = 0; i < 1024; ++i) // 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 - byte order hence we write ch[1]  then ch[0]
        {
            u.sh = audioDataBuffer[i];
            out.write(&u.ch[1], 1);
            out.write(&u.ch[0], 1);
        }
    }
    in.close();
    out.close();
    

    当我将结果写入文件时,打开它大胆并检查光谱分析,看到高频率被削减,但仍然保持低频率(它们从0开始)

    我做错了什么?

    这是enter image description here

    之前的声频频谱

    这是我将所需值enter image description here

    归零后的声音频率

    请帮忙!

    更新

    这是我提出的代码,我应该用Zeroes填充的内容???

    void DeleteFrequencies(short *audioDataBuffer, const int bufferSize, int lowestFrequency, int highestFrequency, int sampleRate )
    {
        // FFT must be the same length as output segment - to prevent circular convultion
        // 
        int frequencyInHzPerSample = sampleRate / bufferSize;
        /*             __________________________
        /* ___________                           __________________________  filter kernel   */
        int nOfPointsInFilterKernel = (lowestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample) + ( bufferSize - highestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample);
        U u;
        double *RealX = new  double[bufferSize];
        double *ImmX = new  double[bufferSize];
        ShortArrayToDoubleArray(audioDataBuffer, RealX, bufferSize);
    
        // padd with zeroes, so that inputSignalSamplesNumber + kernelLength - 1 = bufferSize
    
        // convert to frequency domain
        ForwardRealFFT(RealX, ImmX, bufferSize);
        // cut frequences < 300 && > 3400
        int Multiplyer = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < 512; ++i)
        {
            /*if (i * 8000 / 1024 > 3400 || i * 8000 / bufferSize < 300 )
            {
                RealX[i] = 0;
                ImmX[i] = 0;
            }*/
            if (i < lowestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample || i > highestFrequency / frequencyInHzPerSample )
                Multiplyer = 0;
            else 
                Multiplyer = 1;
            RealX[i] = RealX[i] * Multiplyer /*ReH[f]*/  - ImmX[i] * Multiplyer;
            ImmX[i] = ImmX[i] * Multiplyer + RealX[i] * Multiplyer;
    
        }
        ReverseRealFFT(RealX, ImmX, bufferSize);
        DoubleArrayToShortArray(RealX, audioDataBuffer, bufferSize);
        delete [] RealX;
        delete [] ImmX;
    }
    

    它会产生以下光谱(低频被削减,但不高) enter image description here

    void ForwardRealFFT(double* RealX, double* ImmX, int nOfSamples)
    {
    
    short nh, i, j, nMinus1, nDiv2, nDiv4Minus1, im, ip, ip2, ipm, nOfCompositionSteps, LE, LE2, jm1;
    double ur, ui, sr, si, tr, ti;
    
    // Step 1 : separate even from odd points
    nh = nOfSamples / 2 - 1; 
    for (i = 0; i <= nh; ++i)
    {
        RealX[i] = RealX[2*i];
        ImmX[i] = RealX[2*i + 1];
    }
    // Step 2: calculate nOfSamples/2 points using complex FFT
    // advantage in efficiency, as nOfSamples/2 requires 1/2 of the time as nOfSamples point FFT
    nOfSamples /= 2;
    ForwardDiscreteFT(RealX, ImmX, nOfSamples );
    nOfSamples *= 2;
    
    // Step 3: even/odd frequency domain decomposition
    nMinus1 = nOfSamples - 1; 
    nDiv2 = nOfSamples / 2;
    nDiv4Minus1 = nOfSamples / 4 - 1;
    for (i = 1; i <= nDiv4Minus1; ++i)
    {
        im = nDiv2 - i;
        ip2 = i + nDiv2;
        ipm = im + nDiv2;
        RealX[ip2] = (ImmX[i] + ImmX[im]) / 2;
        RealX[ipm] = RealX[ip2];
        ImmX[ip2] = -(RealX[i] - RealX[im]) / 2;
        ImmX[ipm] = - ImmX[ip2];
        RealX[i] = (RealX[i] + RealX[im]) / 2;
        RealX[im] = RealX[i];
        ImmX[i] = (ImmX[i] - ImmX[im]) / 2;
        ImmX[im] = - ImmX[i];
    }
    RealX[nOfSamples * 3 / 4] = ImmX[nOfSamples / 4];
    RealX[nDiv2] = ImmX[0];
    ImmX[nOfSamples * 3 / 4] = 0;
    ImmX[nDiv2] = 0;
    ImmX[nOfSamples / 4] = 0;
    ImmX[0] = 0;
    // 3-rd step: combine the nOfSamples frequency spectra in the exact reverse order
    // that the time domain decomposition took place
    nOfCompositionSteps = log((double)nOfSamples) / log(2.0);
    LE = pow(2.0,nOfCompositionSteps);
    LE2 = LE / 2;
    ur = 1;
    ui = 0;
    sr = cos(M_PI/LE2);
    si = -sin(M_PI/LE2);
    for (j = 1; j <= LE2; ++j)
    {
        jm1 = j - 1;
        for (i = jm1; i <= nMinus1; i += LE)
        {
            ip = i + LE2;
            tr = RealX[ip] * ur - ImmX[ip] * ui;
            ti = RealX[ip] * ui + ImmX[ip] * ur;
            RealX[ip] = RealX[i] - tr;
            ImmX[ip] = ImmX[i] - ti;
            RealX[i] = RealX[i] + tr;
            ImmX[i] = ImmX[i] + ti;
        }
        tr = ur;
        ur = tr * sr - ui * si;
        ui = tr * si + ui * sr;
    }
    }
    

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:4)

使用FFT / IFFT的快速卷积滤波要求零填充至少为滤波器长度的两倍(出于性能原因通常为2的下一次幂),然后使用重叠添加或重叠保存方法来删除循环卷积伪像

答案 1 :(得分:2)

您可能需要查看this answer,了解您正在观察的效果的解释。

否则,理想的&#39;因为频域中的矩形函数(具有零转换和无限阻带衰减)对应于时域中的无限长度脉冲响应,所以你试图实现的滤波器是一种比实际实现更多的数学工具。

要获得更实用的滤波器,必须首先根据您的特定应用需求定义所需的滤波器特性,例如转换宽度和阻带衰减。 基于这些规范,可以使用各种滤波器设计方法之一来导出滤波器系数,例如:

也许最接近你正在做的是Window方法。使用该方法,像triangular window这样简单的东西可以帮助增加阻带衰减,但您可能想要尝试其他窗口选择(许多可从同一链接获得)。增加窗口长度有助于减小过渡宽度。

完成滤镜设计后,您可以使用overlap-add methodoverlap-save method在频域中应用滤镜。使用这些方法中的任何一种,您可以将输入信号分成长度为L的块,并填充到某个方便的大小N> = L + M-1,其中M是滤波器系数的数量(例如,如果您有一个滤波器)如果有42个系数,你可以选择N = 128,其中L = N-M + 1 = 87)。

答案 2 :(得分:0)

在进行实际FFT后,您可以获得两次光谱数据:一次在0到512的区间,以及区域513到1024中的镜像光谱。但是,您的代码只能清除较低的光谱。

试试这个:

for (int i = 0; i < 512; ++i)
{
    if (i * 8000 / 1024 > 3400 || i * 8000 / 1024 < 300 )
    {
        RealX[i] = 0;
        ImmX[i] = 0;

        // clear mirror spectrum as well:
        RealX[1023-i] = 0;
        ImmX[1023-i]  = 0;
    }
}

除非您的FFT实施自动执行此步骤,否则这可能会有所帮助。

顺便说一下,像你一样将频率分档归零并不是做这种过滤器的好方法。期待一个非常讨厌的阶段响应和一个很多在您的信号中振铃。