如何计算CPU核心的频率

时间:2014-04-23 17:55:36

标签: c++ performance winapi visual-c++ rdtsc

我正在尝试使用RDTSC,但似乎我的方法可能是错误的,以获得核心速度:

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <windows.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

struct Core
{
    int CoreNumber;
};

static void startMonitoringCoreSpeeds(void *param)
{
    Core core = *((Core *)param);
    SetThreadAffinityMask(GetCurrentThread(), 1 << core.CoreNumber);
    while (true)
    {
        DWORD64 first = __rdtsc();
        Sleep(1000);
        DWORD64 second = __rdtsc();
        cout << "Core " << core.CoreNumber << " has frequency " << ((second - first)*pow(10, -6)) << " MHz" << endl;
    }
}

int GetNumberOfProcessorCores()
{
    DWORD process, system;
    if (GetProcessAffinityMask(GetCurrentProcess(), &process, &system))
    {
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)
        {
            if (system & (1 << i))
            {
                count++;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }
    SYSTEM_INFO sysinfo;
    GetSystemInfo(&sysinfo);
    return sysinfo.dwNumberOfProcessors;
}

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    for (int i = 0; i < GetNumberOfProcessorCores(); i++)
    {
        Core *core = new Core {0};
        core->CoreNumber = i;
        _beginthread(startMonitoringCoreSpeeds, 0, core);
    }
    cin.get();
}

它总是打印3.3 GHz附近的值,这是错误的,因为像Turbo Boost这样的东西不时打开,我的内核肯定会跳到4.3 GHz。让我交叉引用这个想法背后的一些文章。

首先(http://users.utcluj.ro/~ancapop/labscs/SCS2.pdf):&#34;处理器核心上的TSC未同步。因此,如果进程在此期间迁移,则无法确定 从一个核心执行到另一个核心,测量不会受到影响。为避免此问题,必须将测量过程的亲和力设置为仅一个核心,以防止进程迁移。&#34;这告诉我RDTSC应该使用我设置的关联掩码为我的线程每个核心返回一个不同的值,这很棒。

其次,请查看这篇文章http://randomascii.wordpress.com/2011/07/29/rdtsc-in-the-age-of-sandybridge/):&#34;如果您需要一个可以跨核心工作的一致计时器,并且可以用来衡量时间,那么这很好新闻。如果你想测量实际的CPU时钟周期,那你就不走运了。如果你想要在各种各样的CPU系列中保持一致性,那么它很难成为你。更新:“Intel系统编程指南”的第16.11节介绍了时间戳计数器的这种行为。粗略地说,在较旧的处理器上,时钟频率会发生变化,但在较新的处理器上,它仍然是均匀的。最后,Constant TSC说:“这是未来的建筑行为。&#34;好的,这告诉我RDTSC保持一致,这使我的上述结果有意义,因为我的CPU内核的额定标准是3.3 GHz ......

真正引起疑问的是,英特尔的Turbo Boost技术监控器和Piriform的Speccy和CPUID的CPU-Z等应用程序如何衡量处理器的时钟速度在进行涡轮增压时,实时?

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:4)

完整的解决方案如下。我已经调整了IOCTL sample driver on MSDN来做到这一点。注意,IOCTL样本是the only relative WDM sample skeleton driver I could find and also the closest thing I could find to a WDM template,因为WDK中开箱即用的大多数内核模式模板都是基于WDF的驱动程序(任何WDM驱动程序模板实际上都是空白的,绝对没有源代码),但是the only sample logic I've seen to do this input/output was through a WDM-based driver。此外,我一路上学到了一些有趣的事实:内核驱动程序不喜欢浮动算法,你不能使用“windows.h”,它真正限制你使用“ntddk.h”,一个特殊的内核模式头。这也意味着我无法在内核模式下进行所有计算,因为我无法在那里调用QueryPerformanceFrequency等函数,所以我必须得到时间戳之间的平均性能比,并将它们返回到用户模式进行某些计算(如果没有QueryPerformanceFrequency,你从CPU寄存器中获得的值(如QueryPerformanceCounter所使用的那样存储滴答函)是无用的,因为你不知道步长;也许有一个解决方法,但我选择使用均值,因为它非常好用) 。另外,根据一秒睡眠,我使用它的原因是因为否则你几乎在多个线程上旋转计算狗屎,这实际上会影响你的计算,因为你的频率会逐渐上升,每个核心不断检查来自QueryPerformanceCounter的结果(你在进行更多计算时驱动你的核心) - 不要注意 - 它是一个比率......所以delta时间并不重要,因为它的每次循环次数...... 你可以随时增加delta,它仍然应该给出相对于步长的相同比率。此外,这是我所能达到的极简主义。祝你好运比它更小或更短。此外,如果你想安装驱动程序,你have two options,除非你想从某个第三方购买代码签名证书,这两个都很糟糕,所以选择一个并吮吸它。让我们从驱动程序开始:

<强> driver.c

//
// Include files.
//

#include <ntddk.h>          // various NT definitions
#include <string.h>
#include <intrin.h>

#include "driver.h"

#define NT_DEVICE_NAME      L"\\Device\\KernelModeDriver"
#define DOS_DEVICE_NAME     L"\\DosDevices\\KernelModeDriver"

#if DBG
#define DRIVER_PRINT(_x_) \
                DbgPrint("KernelModeDriver.sys: ");\
                DbgPrint _x_;

#else
#define DRIVER_PRINT(_x_)
#endif

//
// Device driver routine declarations.
//

DRIVER_INITIALIZE DriverEntry;

_Dispatch_type_(IRP_MJ_CREATE)
_Dispatch_type_(IRP_MJ_CLOSE)
DRIVER_DISPATCH DriverCreateClose;

_Dispatch_type_(IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL)
DRIVER_DISPATCH DriverDeviceControl;

DRIVER_UNLOAD DriverUnloadDriver;

VOID
PrintIrpInfo(
    PIRP Irp
    );
VOID
PrintChars(
    _In_reads_(CountChars) PCHAR BufferAddress,
    _In_ size_t CountChars
    );

#ifdef ALLOC_PRAGMA
#pragma alloc_text( INIT, DriverEntry )
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, DriverCreateClose)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, DriverDeviceControl)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, DriverUnloadDriver)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, PrintIrpInfo)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, PrintChars)
#endif // ALLOC_PRAGMA


NTSTATUS
DriverEntry(
    _In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT   DriverObject,
    _In_ PUNICODE_STRING      RegistryPath
    )
/*++

Routine Description:
    This routine is called by the Operating System to initialize the driver.

    It creates the device object, fills in the dispatch entry points and
    completes the initialization.

Arguments:
    DriverObject - a pointer to the object that represents this device
    driver.

    RegistryPath - a pointer to our Services key in the registry.

Return Value:
    STATUS_SUCCESS if initialized; an error otherwise.

--*/

{
    NTSTATUS        ntStatus;
    UNICODE_STRING  ntUnicodeString;    // NT Device Name "\Device\KernelModeDriver"
    UNICODE_STRING  ntWin32NameString;    // Win32 Name "\DosDevices\KernelModeDriver"
    PDEVICE_OBJECT  deviceObject = NULL;    // ptr to device object

    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);

    RtlInitUnicodeString( &ntUnicodeString, NT_DEVICE_NAME );

    ntStatus = IoCreateDevice(
        DriverObject,                   // Our Driver Object
        0,                              // We don't use a device extension
        &ntUnicodeString,               // Device name "\Device\KernelModeDriver"
        FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN,            // Device type
        FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN,        // Device characteristics
        FALSE,                          // Not an exclusive device
        &deviceObject );                // Returned ptr to Device Object

    if ( !NT_SUCCESS( ntStatus ) )
    {
        DRIVER_PRINT(("Couldn't create the device object\n"));
        return ntStatus;
    }

    //
    // Initialize the driver object with this driver's entry points.
    //

    DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = DriverCreateClose;
    DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = DriverCreateClose;
    DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL] = DriverDeviceControl;
    DriverObject->DriverUnload = DriverUnloadDriver;

    //
    // Initialize a Unicode String containing the Win32 name
    // for our device.
    //

    RtlInitUnicodeString( &ntWin32NameString, DOS_DEVICE_NAME );

    //
    // Create a symbolic link between our device name  and the Win32 name
    //

    ntStatus = IoCreateSymbolicLink(
                        &ntWin32NameString, &ntUnicodeString );

    if ( !NT_SUCCESS( ntStatus ) )
    {
        //
        // Delete everything that this routine has allocated.
        //
        DRIVER_PRINT(("Couldn't create symbolic link\n"));
        IoDeleteDevice( deviceObject );
    }


    return ntStatus;
}


NTSTATUS
DriverCreateClose(
    PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject,
    PIRP Irp
    )
/*++

Routine Description:

    This routine is called by the I/O system when the KernelModeDriver is opened or
    closed.

    No action is performed other than completing the request successfully.

Arguments:

    DeviceObject - a pointer to the object that represents the device
    that I/O is to be done on.

    Irp - a pointer to the I/O Request Packet for this request.

Return Value:

    NT status code

--*/

{
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);

    PAGED_CODE();

    Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
    Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;

    IoCompleteRequest( Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT );

    return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

VOID
DriverUnloadDriver(
    _In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject
    )
/*++

Routine Description:

    This routine is called by the I/O system to unload the driver.

    Any resources previously allocated must be freed.

Arguments:

    DriverObject - a pointer to the object that represents our driver.

Return Value:

    None
--*/

{
    PDEVICE_OBJECT deviceObject = DriverObject->DeviceObject;
    UNICODE_STRING uniWin32NameString;

    PAGED_CODE();

    //
    // Create counted string version of our Win32 device name.
    //

    RtlInitUnicodeString( &uniWin32NameString, DOS_DEVICE_NAME );


    //
    // Delete the link from our device name to a name in the Win32 namespace.
    //

    IoDeleteSymbolicLink( &uniWin32NameString );

    if ( deviceObject != NULL )
    {
        IoDeleteDevice( deviceObject );
    }



}

NTSTATUS
DriverDeviceControl(
    PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject,
    PIRP Irp
    )

/*++

Routine Description:

    This routine is called by the I/O system to perform a device I/O
    control function.

Arguments:

    DeviceObject - a pointer to the object that represents the device
        that I/O is to be done on.

    Irp - a pointer to the I/O Request Packet for this request.

Return Value:

    NT status code

--*/

{
    PIO_STACK_LOCATION  irpSp;// Pointer to current stack location
    NTSTATUS            ntStatus = STATUS_SUCCESS;// Assume success
    ULONG               inBufLength; // Input buffer length
    ULONG               outBufLength; // Output buffer length
    void                *inBuf; // pointer to input buffer
    unsigned __int64    *outBuf; // pointer to the output buffer

    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);

    PAGED_CODE();

    irpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation( Irp );
    inBufLength = irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
    outBufLength = irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength;

    if (!inBufLength || !outBufLength || outBufLength != sizeof(unsigned __int64)*2)
    {
        ntStatus = STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
        goto End;
    }

    //
    // Determine which I/O control code was specified.
    //

    switch ( irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode )
    {
    case IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED:

        //
        // In this method the I/O manager allocates a buffer large enough to
        // to accommodate larger of the user input buffer and output buffer,
        // assigns the address to Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer, and
        // copies the content of the user input buffer into this SystemBuffer
        //

        DRIVER_PRINT(("Called IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED\n"));
        PrintIrpInfo(Irp);

        //
        // Input buffer and output buffer is same in this case, read the
        // content of the buffer before writing to it
        //

        inBuf = (void *)Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer;
        outBuf = (unsigned __int64 *)Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer;

        //
        // Read the data from the buffer
        //

        DRIVER_PRINT(("\tData from User :"));
        //
        // We are using the following function to print characters instead
        // DebugPrint with %s format because we string we get may or
        // may not be null terminated.
        //
        PrintChars(inBuf, inBufLength);

        //
        // Write to the buffer
        //

        unsigned __int64 data[sizeof(unsigned __int64) * 2];
        data[0] = __readmsr(232);
        data[1] = __readmsr(231);

        DRIVER_PRINT(("data[0]: %d", data[0]));
        DRIVER_PRINT(("data[1]: %d", data[1]));

        RtlCopyBytes(outBuf, data, outBufLength);

        //
        // Assign the length of the data copied to IoStatus.Information
        // of the Irp and complete the Irp.
        //

        Irp->IoStatus.Information = sizeof(unsigned __int64)*2;

        //
        // When the Irp is completed the content of the SystemBuffer
        // is copied to the User output buffer and the SystemBuffer is
        // is freed.
        //

       break;

    default:

        //
        // The specified I/O control code is unrecognized by this driver.
        //

        ntStatus = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_REQUEST;
        DRIVER_PRINT(("ERROR: unrecognized IOCTL %x\n",
            irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode));
        break;
    }

End:
    //
    // Finish the I/O operation by simply completing the packet and returning
    // the same status as in the packet itself.
    //

    Irp->IoStatus.Status = ntStatus;

    IoCompleteRequest( Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT );

    return ntStatus;
}

VOID
PrintIrpInfo(
    PIRP Irp)
{
    PIO_STACK_LOCATION  irpSp;
    irpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation( Irp );

    PAGED_CODE();

    DRIVER_PRINT(("\tIrp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer = 0x%p\n",
        Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer));
    DRIVER_PRINT(("\tIrp->UserBuffer = 0x%p\n", Irp->UserBuffer));
    DRIVER_PRINT(("\tirpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer = 0x%p\n",
        irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer));
    DRIVER_PRINT(("\tirpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength = %d\n",
        irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength));
    DRIVER_PRINT(("\tirpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength = %d\n",
        irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength ));
    return;
}

VOID
PrintChars(
    _In_reads_(CountChars) PCHAR BufferAddress,
    _In_ size_t CountChars
    )
{
    PAGED_CODE();

    if (CountChars) {

        while (CountChars--) {

            if (*BufferAddress > 31
                 && *BufferAddress != 127) {

                KdPrint (( "%c", *BufferAddress) );

            } else {

                KdPrint(( ".") );

            }
            BufferAddress++;
        }
        KdPrint (("\n"));
    }
    return;
}

<强> driver.h

//
// Device type           -- in the "User Defined" range."
//
#define SIOCTL_TYPE 40000
//
// The IOCTL function codes from 0x800 to 0xFFF are for customer use.
//
#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_IN_DIRECT \
    CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x900, METHOD_IN_DIRECT, FILE_ANY_ACCESS  )

#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_OUT_DIRECT \
    CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x901, METHOD_OUT_DIRECT , FILE_ANY_ACCESS  )

#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED \
    CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x902, METHOD_BUFFERED, FILE_ANY_ACCESS  )

#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_NEITHER \
    CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x903, METHOD_NEITHER , FILE_ANY_ACCESS  )


#define DRIVER_FUNC_INSTALL     0x01
#define DRIVER_FUNC_REMOVE      0x02

#define DRIVER_NAME       "ReadMSRDriver"

现在,这是加载并使用驱动程序的应用程序(Win32控制台应用程序):

<强> FrequencyCalculator.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winioctl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strsafe.h>
#include <process.h>
#include "..\KernelModeDriver\driver.h"

using namespace std;

BOOLEAN
ManageDriver(
_In_ LPCTSTR  DriverName,
_In_ LPCTSTR  ServiceName,
_In_ USHORT   Function
);

HANDLE hDevice;
TCHAR driverLocation[MAX_PATH];

void InstallDriver()
{
    DWORD errNum = 0;
    GetCurrentDirectory(MAX_PATH, driverLocation);
    _tcscat_s(driverLocation, _T("\\KernelModeDriver.sys"));

    std::wcout << "Trying to install driver at " << driverLocation << std::endl;

    //
    // open the device
    //

    if ((hDevice = CreateFile(_T("\\\\.\\KernelModeDriver"),
        GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
        0,
        NULL,
        CREATE_ALWAYS,
        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
        NULL)) == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {

        errNum = GetLastError();

        if (errNum != ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) {

            printf("CreateFile failed!  ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND = %d\n", errNum);

            return;
        }

        //
        // The driver is not started yet so let us the install the driver.
        // First setup full path to driver name.
        //

        if (!ManageDriver(_T(DRIVER_NAME),
            driverLocation,
            DRIVER_FUNC_INSTALL
            )) {

            printf("Unable to install driver. \n");

            //
            // Error - remove driver.
            //

            ManageDriver(_T(DRIVER_NAME),
                driverLocation,
                DRIVER_FUNC_REMOVE
                );

            return;
        }

        hDevice = CreateFile(_T("\\\\.\\KernelModeDriver"),
            GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
            0,
            NULL,
            CREATE_ALWAYS,
            FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
            NULL);

        if (hDevice == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE){
            printf("Error: CreatFile Failed : %d\n", GetLastError());
            return;
        }
    }
}

void UninstallDriver()
{
    //
    // close the handle to the device.
    //

    CloseHandle(hDevice);

    //
    // Unload the driver.  Ignore any errors.
    //
    ManageDriver(_T(DRIVER_NAME),
        driverLocation,
        DRIVER_FUNC_REMOVE
        );
}

double GetPerformanceRatio()
{
    BOOL bRc;
    ULONG bytesReturned;

    int input = 0;
    unsigned __int64 output[2];
    memset(output, 0, sizeof(unsigned __int64) * 2);

    //printf("InputBuffer Pointer = %p, BufLength = %d\n", &input, sizeof(&input));
    //printf("OutputBuffer Pointer = %p BufLength = %d\n", &output, sizeof(&output));

    //
    // Performing METHOD_BUFFERED
    //

    //printf("\nCalling DeviceIoControl METHOD_BUFFERED:\n");

    bRc = DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
        (DWORD)IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED,
        &input,
        sizeof(&input),
        output,
        sizeof(unsigned __int64)*2,
        &bytesReturned,
        NULL
        );

    if (!bRc)
    {
        //printf("Error in DeviceIoControl : %d", GetLastError());
        return 0;

    }
    //printf("    OutBuffer (%d): %d\n", bytesReturned, output);
    if (output[1] == 0)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        return (float)output[0] / (float)output[1];
    }
}

struct Core
{
    int CoreNumber;
};

int GetNumberOfProcessorCores()
{
    SYSTEM_INFO sysinfo;
    GetSystemInfo(&sysinfo);
    return sysinfo.dwNumberOfProcessors;
}

float GetCoreFrequency()
{
    // __rdtsc: Returns the processor time stamp which records the number of clock cycles since the last reset.
    // QueryPerformanceCounter: Returns a high resolution time stamp that can be used for time-interval measurements.
    // Get the frequency which defines the step size of the QueryPerformanceCounter method.
    LARGE_INTEGER frequency;
    QueryPerformanceFrequency(&frequency);
    // Get the number of cycles before we start.
    ULONG cyclesBefore = __rdtsc();
    // Get the Intel performance ratio at the start.
    float ratioBefore = GetPerformanceRatio();
    // Get the start time.
    LARGE_INTEGER startTime;
    QueryPerformanceCounter(&startTime);
    // Give the CPU cores enough time to repopulate their __rdtsc and QueryPerformanceCounter registers.
    Sleep(1000);
    ULONG cyclesAfter = __rdtsc();
    // Get the Intel performance ratio at the end.
    float ratioAfter = GetPerformanceRatio();
    // Get the end time.
    LARGE_INTEGER endTime;
    QueryPerformanceCounter(&endTime);
    // Return the number of MHz. Multiply the core's frequency by the mean MSR (model-specific register) ratio (the APERF register's value divided by the MPERF register's value) between the two timestamps.
    return ((ratioAfter + ratioBefore) / 2)*(cyclesAfter - cyclesBefore)*pow(10, -6) / ((endTime.QuadPart - startTime.QuadPart) / frequency.QuadPart);
}

struct CoreResults
{
    int CoreNumber;
    float CoreFrequency;
};

CRITICAL_SECTION printLock;

static void printResult(void *param)
{
    EnterCriticalSection(&printLock);
    CoreResults coreResults = *((CoreResults *)param);
    std::cout << "Core " << coreResults.CoreNumber << " has a speed of " << coreResults.CoreFrequency << " MHz" << std::endl;
    delete param;
    LeaveCriticalSection(&printLock);
}

bool closed = false;

static void startMonitoringCoreSpeeds(void *param)
{
    Core core = *((Core *)param);
    SetThreadAffinityMask(GetCurrentThread(), 1 << core.CoreNumber);
    while (!closed)
    {
        CoreResults *coreResults = new CoreResults();
        coreResults->CoreNumber = core.CoreNumber;
        coreResults->CoreFrequency = GetCoreFrequency();
        _beginthread(printResult, 0, coreResults);
        Sleep(1000);
    }
    delete param;
}

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    InitializeCriticalSection(&printLock);
    InstallDriver();
    for (int i = 0; i < GetNumberOfProcessorCores(); i++)
    {
        Core *core = new Core{ 0 };
        core->CoreNumber = i;
        _beginthread(startMonitoringCoreSpeeds, 0, core);
    }
    std::cin.get();
    closed = true;
    UninstallDriver();
    DeleteCriticalSection(&printLock);
}

它使用install.cpp,您可以从IOCTL示例中获取。如果不是今晚,我将在接下来的几天内在my blog发布一个有效的,完全正常的解决方案(明显包含代码)。

修改:在http://www.dima.to/blog/?p=101发布博客(此处提供完整源代码)...