我得到＆＃34;初始化错误＆＃34;在调用fork（）之后。如果我在没有fork的情况下运行相同的程序，一切正常。
if (fork() == 0) {
...
cudaMalloc(....);
...
}
导致这种情况的原因是什么？
下面是一个完整的例子。如果我注释掉cudaGetDeviceCount调用，它可以正常工作。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#define PERR(call) \
if (call) {\
fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d Error [%s] on "#call"\n", __FILE__, __LINE__,\
cudaGetErrorString(cudaGetLastError()));\
exit(1);\
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
float *v_d;
int gpucount;
cudaGetDeviceCount(&gpucount);
if (fork() == 0) {
cudaSetDevice(0);
PERR(cudaMalloc(&v_d, 1000*sizeof(float)));
}
wait(NULL);
return 0;
}
简单的Makefile：
PROGS = fork
CUDA_PATH = /usr/local/cuda
CXXFLAGS = -g -O0 -Wall
CXXINCLUDES = -I$(CUDA_PATH)/include
NVCC := $(CUDA_PATH)/bin/nvcc -ccbin $(CXX) -Xcompiler "$(CXXFLAGS)"
fork: fork.cxx
$(NVCC) $^ -o $@ $(LIBS)
clean:
(rm $(PROGS) *.o)
在这种情况下，我只是尝试从父进程中获取可用设备的数量。这种解决方法是：
if (fork() == 0) {
PERR(cudaGetDeviceCount(&gpucount));
return(gpucount);
}
wait(&gpucount);
gpucount = WEXITSTATUS(gpucount);
答案 0 :(得分：5)
fork()创建了一个子进程。进程有自己的地址空间。 CUDA上下文不能在两个不同的进程之间共享，原因很多，其中一个原因是各种指针在不同的地址空间中没有意义。
如果在fork()之前创建CUDA上下文，则无法在子进程中使用它。 cudaSetDevice(0);调用尝试共享CUDA上下文，当您调用cudaGetDeviceCount();时，在父进程中隐式创建
正如您所暗示的那样，解决方案是在父进程或子进程中执行您的CUDA工作。如果您在多设备系统中，则应该可以将单独的设备分配给单独的进程（CUDA simpleIPC sample code正是这样做的）。 （关键是在fork之前不要创建CUDA上下文。）
您可能对this question/answer和this one感兴趣。
这是一个完整的示例（需要2个CUDA设备），显示使用单独GPU的子进程和父进程：
$ cat t345.cu
#include <unistd.h> /* Symbolic Constants */
#include <sys/types.h> /* Primitive System Data Types */
#include <errno.h> /* Errors */
#include <stdio.h> /* Input/Output */
#include <sys/wait.h> /* Wait for Process Termination */
#include <stdlib.h> /* General Utilities */
#define cudaCheckErrors(msg) \
do { \
cudaError_t __err = cudaGetLastError(); \
if (__err != cudaSuccess) { \
fprintf(stderr, "Fatal error: %s (%s at %s:%d)\n", \
msg, cudaGetErrorString(__err), \
__FILE__, __LINE__); \
fprintf(stderr, "*** FAILED - ABORTING\n"); \
exit(1); \
} \
} while (0)
__global__ void addkernel(int *data){
*data += 1;
}
int main()
{
pid_t childpid; /* variable to store the child's pid */
int retval; /* child process: user-provided return code */
int status; /* parent process: child's exit status */
/* only 1 int variable is needed because each process would have its
own instance of the variable
here, 2 int variables are used for clarity */
/* now create new process */
childpid = fork();
if (childpid >= 0) /* fork succeeded */
{
if (childpid == 0) /* fork() returns 0 to the child process */
{
printf("CHILD: I am the child process!\n");
printf("CHILD: Here's my PID: %d\n", getpid());
printf("CHILD: My parent's PID is: %d\n", getppid());
printf("CHILD: The value of my copy of childpid is: %d\n", childpid);
int *h_a, *d_a;
h_a = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
cudaSetDevice(0);
cudaCheckErrors("CHILD cudaSetDevice fail");
cudaMalloc(&d_a, sizeof(int));
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMalloc fail");
*h_a = 1;
cudaMemcpy(d_a, h_a, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMemcpy H2D fail");
addkernel<<<1,1>>>(d_a);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
cudaCheckErrors("kernel fail");
cudaMemcpy(h_a, d_a, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMemcpy D2H fail");
printf("CHILD: result: %d\n", *h_a);
printf("CHILD: Sleeping for 1 second...\n");
sleep(1); /* sleep for 1 second */
cudaDeviceReset();
printf("CHILD: Enter an exit value (0 to 255): ");
scanf(" %d", &retval);
printf("CHILD: Goodbye!\n");
exit(retval); /* child exits with user-provided return code */
}
else /* fork() returns new pid to the parent process */
{
printf("PARENT: I am the parent process!\n");
printf("PARENT: Here's my PID: %d\n", getpid());
printf("PARENT: The value of my copy of childpid is %d\n", childpid);
printf("PARENT: I will now wait for my child to exit.\n");
int *h_a, *d_a;
h_a = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
cudaSetDevice(1);
cudaCheckErrors("PARENT cudaSetDevice fail");
cudaMalloc(&d_a, sizeof(int));
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMalloc fail");
*h_a = 2;
cudaMemcpy(d_a, h_a, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMemcpy H2D fail");
addkernel<<<1,1>>>(d_a);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
cudaCheckErrors("kernel fail");
cudaMemcpy(h_a, d_a, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMemcpy D2H fail");
printf("PARENT: result: %d\n", *h_a);
wait(&status); /* wait for child to exit, and store its status */
printf("PARENT: Child's exit code is: %d\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
cudaSetDevice(0);
cudaCheckErrors("PARENT cudaSetDevice 2 fail");
int *h_a2, *d_a2;
cudaMalloc(&d_a2, sizeof(int));
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMalloc fail");
h_a2 = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
*h_a2 = 5;
cudaMemcpy(d_a2, h_a2, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMemcpy H2D fail");
addkernel<<<1,1>>>(d_a2);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
cudaCheckErrors("kernel fail");
cudaMemcpy(h_a2, d_a2, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaCheckErrors("cudaMemcpy D2H fail");
printf("PARENT: result2: %d\n", *h_a2);
printf("PARENT: Goodbye!\n");
exit(0); /* parent exits */
}
}
else /* fork returns -1 on failure */
{
perror("fork"); /* display error message */
exit(0);
}
}
$ nvcc -arch=sm_20 -o t345 t345.cu
$ ./t345
CHILD: I am the child process!
CHILD: Here's my PID: 23603
CHILD: My parent's PID is: 23602
CHILD: The value of my copy of childpid is: 0
PARENT: I am the parent process!
PARENT: Here's my PID: 23602
PARENT: The value of my copy of childpid is 23603
PARENT: I will now wait for my child to exit.
CHILD: result: 2
CHILD: Sleeping for 1 second...
PARENT: result: 3
CHILD: Enter an exit value (0 to 255): 10
CHILD: Goodbye!
PARENT: Child's exit code is: 10
PARENT: result2: 6
PARENT: Goodbye!
$
（从here修改）