循环中的Python递归调用。它是如何工作的?

时间:2014-02-16 04:09:08

标签: python loops python-2.7 recursion iteration

我遇到了一个带有递归函数调用的循环,其中循环的起始范围递增如下。代码输出如下序列。但是,我无法概念化生成此特定序列的原因。有人可以对其工作有所了解。将这个递归函数转换为输出相同序列的迭代函数是多么可行。请帮忙。

代码:

def foo(step=0):
    for i in range(step, 4):
        print step
        foo(step+1)

foo()   

输出:

  

0 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 0 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 0 1 2   3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 0 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3

寻找Anagrams的类似设计代码:

def find_anagrams(word, step=0):
    print 'step->', step
    if step == len(word):
        print "".join(word)
    for i in range(step, len(word)):
        print step, i
        word_ = list(word)
        word_[step], word_[i] = word_[i], word_[step]
        find_anagrams(word_, step+1)

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:2)

让我试试:

从你的代码片段,在每个函数调用中,即foo(步骤+ 1)一个称为激活记录的结构或 创建框架以存储有关该函数调用进度的信息。 因此,当一个函数的执行导致嵌套函数调用时,执行前一个调用 被暂停,其激活记录将该位置存储在控制流程的源代码中 应该在返回嵌套调用时继续。

以下是主要内容:

当步骤== 4,其中轮流范围(4,4)==空列表时,该时间迭代将不会发生,因此它将返回 没有。然后它将移动到前一帧,它停止并开始一个新的迭代和递归函数调用 直到范围(4,4)。

注意:递归基本情况仅在步骤== 4,该时间范围(4,4)并返回无。

每次重复都需要一个基本案例,否则它会转到无限循环。

所以,让我们看一下递归跟踪:我正在添加i来区分step和迭代增量。

# 1 def foo(step=0):
# 2    for i in range(step, 4):
# 3        print 'i: %d, step: %d' % (i,step)
# 4        foo(step+1)
# 5 foo()

line 5
line 1  foo with step=0  which is default
line 2  range(0,4)                       Frame: A,   0 is over, next=1
line 3  step = 0            Output: i: 0, step: 0
line 4  calling foo(0 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=1
line 2  range(1,4)                       Frame: B,   1 is over, next=2
line 3  step = 1            Output: i: 1, step: 1
line 4  calling foo(1 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=2
line 2  range(2,4)                       Frame: C,   2 is over, next=3
line 3  step = 2            Output: i: 2, step: 2
line 4  calling foo(2 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=3
line 2  range(3,4)                       Frame: D,   3 is over, next=4
line 3  step = 3,           Output: i: 3, step: 3
line 4  calling foo(3 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=4
line 2  range(4,4)                       Frame: E,
         This is an empty list, so it won't come inside the loop, so return None.
         Come back to previous Frame: D, i=3 was used, now increment to 4. So, again range(4,4)
line 2  range(4,4)          Empty list, from Frame: D, return None
         Come back to previous Frame C, now i=3, step was called with value 2
line 2  range(2,4)
line 3  step = 2            Output: i: 3, step: 2, why step == 2 because the function foo was called with step=2
line 4  calling foo(2 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=3
line 2  range(3,4)
line 3  step = 3,           Output : i: 3, step: 3
line 4  calling foo(3 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=4
line 2  range(4,4)          Empty list again, not going inside the list, return None
line 2  range(2,4)          From Frame: B, step was == 1, because the function foo was called with step=1
line 3  step: 1             Output: i: 2, step: 1,  here i ==2, because this is the second iteration of Frame B.
line 4  calling foo(1 + 1)
line 1  foo with step=2
line 2  range(2,4)
line 3  step: 2            Output: i: 2, step: 2

在此之后它遵循相同的递归方式,直到迭代范围被推,即范围(4,4)

如果有帮助,请告诉我。

答案 1 :(得分:0)

我认为你的anagram代码可以通过使用stdlib来重构,避免递归循环:

from itertools import permutations

def anagrams (word):
    anagrams = set ()
    for p in permutations (word):
        anagram = ''.join (p)
        anagrams |= {anagram}
    return anagrams

def isAnagram (word1, word2):
    return sorted (word1) == sorted (word2)

答案 2 :(得分:-1)

考虑for循环。您正在遍历range(step, 4)。如果step = 0,那么您正在迭代[0,1,2,3],如果是step = 1,那么您正在迭代[1,2,3],依此类推。 每次调用foo(step)时,它会迭代该范围 - 但在当前调用中迭代的范围不会更改。因此,对于第一个循环,您将获得从0到3的迭代,第二个循环是1-3,等等。

为什么这样打印?观察。

for i in range(0,4):
    print 0
    for j in range(1,4):
        print 1
        for k in range(2,4):
            print 2
            for h in range(3,4):
                 print 3

这将与递归函数

具有相同的输出