好的,这有点复杂。
假设我在包中有一个模块:
a_package
|-- __init__.py
|-- a_module.py
在a_module.py
内,我声明A_Class
:
# file location: a_package/a_module.py
class A_Class():
def say(self):
print ("cheese")
我可以通过这样做来创建A_Class
的实例并调用say
方法:
from a_package.a_module import A_Class
my_object = A_Class()
my_object.say() # this will display 'cheese' as expected
但是,我想制作一个更动态的方法(我计划有很多包和类,并希望使代码更容易编写)。所以,我创建了一个名为load_class
def load_class(package_name, module_name, class_name)
result = None
try:
exec('from ' + package_name + '.' + module_name + ' import ' + class_name)
exec('result = '+class_name)
except:
raise ImportError('Unable to load the class')
return result
# Now, I can conveniently do this:
A_Class = load_class('a_package', 'a_module', 'A_Class')
my_object = A_Class()
my_object.say()
# or even shorter:
load_class('a_package', 'a_module', 'A_Class')().say()
该程序按预期工作,但IDE(我使用pydev)不理解我的代码,也不能执行intellisense(自动完成代码)。
如果我使用第一种方法,智能感知显然有效:
from a_package.a_module import A_Class
my_object = A_Class()
my_object. # when I press ".", there will be a popup to let me choose "say" method
但如果我使用第二种方法,智能感知不能为我完成:
load_class('a_package', 'a_module', 'A_Class')(). # when I press ".", nothing happened
我知道,这是在Python中进行动态导入的权衡。但是,我想知道是否有一些替代方法让我做第二种方法(可能不使用exec
)仍然可以让通用IDE(如Pydev)的intellisense猜测类中的方法?
编辑:为什么我需要这样做? 假设我有这样的目录结构
fruit
|-- strawberry.py
|-- orange.py
chocolate
|-- cadbury.py
|-- kitkat.py
need_dynamic.py
在need_dynamic.py
中,我有这个脚本:
food_list = ['fruit', 'chocolate']
subfood_list = [['strawberry', 'orange'],['cadbury', 'kitkat']]
# show food list and ask user to choose food
for i in xrange(len(food_list)):
print i + " : " + food_list[i]
food_index = int(raw_input('chose one'))
# show subfood list and ask user to choose subfood
for i in xrange(len(subfood_list[food_index])):
print i + " : " + subfood_list[food_index][i]
subfood_index = int(raw_input('chose one'))
# init the class
my_class = load_class(food_list[food_index], subfood_list[food_index, subfood_index])
# the rest of the code
这只是为了简化,实际上,我计划通过获取目录自动填充food_list
和subfood_list
。
想象一下,您有一个数据分类框架,并希望让用户选择他们想要使用的方法。用户还应该能够通过简单地添加python包模块来扩展框架。
我希望这个例子是合理的。
再次编辑接受的答案无法解决智能感知问题。但它显示了如何更好地编码。我认为这是IDE问题而不是python问题。我将发布另一个问题。
答案 0 :(得分:1)
您想要使用内置的__import__
:
def load_class(package, mod_name, cls_name):
mod = __import__('.'.join((package, mod_name)))
return getattr(mod, cls_name)
当然,如果你愿意的话,你可以把你的错误处理放回去,老实说,我不确定为什么你想要这样做首先。动态导入似乎是一种代码味道"给我大多数的东西。在你开始使用它之前,请评估你是否真的需要。
答案 1 :(得分:0)
好的,这是您的解决方案:
__import__(modulename, globals(), locals(), ['*'])
cls = getattr(sys.modules[modulename], classname)
目录结构:
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~ ls
chocolate fruit need_dynamic.py
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~
need_dynamic.py
fruit
|-- strawberry.py
|-- orange.py
chocolate
|-- cadbury.py
|-- kitkat.py
这是水果中的模块之一,我将类名称与模块名称一起命名为姓名缩写:
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~ cat orange.py
class Orange(object):
def say(self):
return "Say cheese from class: %s" % __name__
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~
这是您的主要脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys
import inspect
def load_modules_from_path(path):
"""
Import all modules from the given directory
"""
# Check and fix the path
if path[-1:] != '/':
path += '/'
# Get a list of files in the directory, if the directory exists
if not os.path.exists(path):
raise OSError("Directory does not exist: %s" % path)
# Add path to the system path
sys.path.append(path)
# Load all the files in path
for f in os.listdir(path):
# Ignore anything that isn't a .py file
if len(f) > 3 and f[-3:] == '.py':
modname = f[:-3]
# Import the module
__import__(modname, globals(), locals(), ['*'])
def load_class_from_name(fqcn):
# fqcn = fully qualified classname
# Break apart fqcn to get module and classname
paths = fqcn.split('.')
modulename = '.'.join(paths[:-1])
classname = paths[-1]
# Import the module
__import__(modulename, globals(), locals(), ['*'])
# Get the class
cls = getattr(sys.modules[modulename], classname)
# Check cls
if not inspect.isclass(cls):
raise TypeError("%s is not a class" % fqcn)
# Return class
return cls
def main():
food_list = ['fruit', 'chocolate']
subfood_list = [['strawberry', 'orange'],['cadbury', 'kitkat']]
# show food list for users to select.
for i in xrange(len(food_list)):
print '%d: %s' % (i, food_list[i])
food_index = int(raw_input('Choose one: '))
for i in xrange(len(subfood_list[food_index])):
print '%d: %s' % (i, subfood_list[food_index][i])
subfood_index = int(raw_input('Chose one: '))
pkg = food_list[food_index]
module = subfood_list[food_index][subfood_index]
class_name = module.title()
load_modules_from_path(pkg)
new_class = load_class_from_name('%s.%s' % (module, class_name))
# instantiation
obj = new_class()
print obj.say()
if __name__ == '__main__': main()
以下是输出:
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~ python need_dynamic.py
0: fruit
1: chocolate
Choose one: 0
0: strawberry
1: orange
Chose one: 0
Say cheese from class: strawberry
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~ python need_dynamic.py
0: fruit
1: chocolate
Choose one: 1
0: cadbury
1: kitkat
Chose one: 0
Say cheese from class: cadbury
:/tmp/dynamic_import:~
如果有效,请告诉我。