我正在开发一个将图像转换为灰度或反转颜色的程序。它使用不同的灰度算法，大多数一切都工作正常，但我有一些问题，我一直在努力克服。我遇到的一个问题是尝试保存图像。因此，我可以处理不同的文件类型，我使用PIL打开图像，然后将其转换为tk PhotoImage。既然图像是PhotoImage，我无法找到保存的方法，而且Tkinter的文档提到了一种方法，但是这种方法失败了。我遇到的另一个问题是我想使用一个复选框来旋转图像，我有一个函数rotateIt来执行此操作，但由于IntVar()没有我无法使复选框工作似乎没有改变，请注意我使用lambda使其与单选按钮一起使用。 （感谢另一位成员）以下是该计划的代码。 （我还在学习，无法弄清楚如何不使用全局变量来完成相同的任务。）
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
from graphics import GraphWin
from tkinter import filedialog # Will be used to open the file from the user
import tkinter
import os
# Global variables for radio buttons----
radio1 = True
radio2 = False
radio3 = False
radio4 = False
#--------------------------------------------
# Global variables for picture-----------
pic = ''
tkPic = ''
tkPic2 = ''
picToConvert = ''
picWidth = 0
picHeight = 0
canvas1 = ''
#---------------------------------------------
def rotateIt(pic1):
pictureRotated = pic1.rotate(180)
return pictureRotated
# Function for radio buttons
def whichSelected(numberSelected):
global radio1
global radio2
global radio3
global radio4
if numberSelected == 4:
radio1 = False
radio4 = True
if numberSelected == 3:
radio1 = False
radio3 = True
if numberSelected == 2:
radio1 = False
radio2 = True
if numberSelected == 1:
radio1 = True
# Gray Algorithms---------------------------------------------
def grayAverage(r,g,b):
algorithm = (r + g + b) // 3
return (algorithm)
def invertRGB(r,g,b):
r = 255 - r
g = 255 - g
b = 255 - b
return (r,g,b)
def lightness(r,g,b):
algorithm = (max(r, g, b) + min(r, g, b)) // 2
return (algorithm)
def luminosity(r,g,b):
algorithm = int(((0.21 * r) + (0.71 * g) + (0.07 * b)))
return (algorithm)
def getRGB(r,g,b):
red = eval( input ("Enter the value of red: "))
green = eval(input ("Enter the value of green: "))
blue = eval(input ("Enter the value of blue: "))
algorithm = red-r + green-g + blue-b // 3
return (algorithm)
# End Gray Algorithms-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Draws window, opens picture selected by user, packs the canvas
def drawWindow():
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title(os.environ.get( "USERNAME" )) # sets the window title to the
return window
def drawCanvas():
global window
global canvas1
canvas1 = tkinter.Canvas(window, width = 820, height =340) # Draws a canvas onto the tkinter window
canvas1.pack()
return canvas1
# Global variables for window and canvas
window = drawWindow()
canvas1 = drawCanvas()
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Radio Button Code---------------------------------------------------------
def drawRadioButtons():
global window
var = tkinter.IntVar()
option1 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Average Grayscale ',variable = var, value = 1,command = lambda: whichSelected(1))
option2 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Lightness Grayscale ',variable = var, value = 2, command = lambda: whichSelected(2))
option3 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Luminosity Grayscale ',variable = var, value = 3, command = lambda: whichSelected(3))
option4 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Invert',variable = var, value = 4, command = lambda: whichSelected(4))
option1.select() # Sets the first button to clicked
# Pack Radio Buttons
option1.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option2.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option3.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option4.pack(anchor = 'sw')
# End Radio Button code ---------------------------------------------------------
def openImage():
global window
global canvas1
global pic
global picWidth
global picHeight
global tkPic
global tkPic2
global picToConvert
canvas1.delete('all')
del pic
del tkPic
picToConvert = filedialog.askopenfilename(defaultextension='.jpg') # Used to open the file selected by the user
pic = Image.open(picToConvert)
picWidth, picHeight = pic.size # PIL method .size gives both the width and height of a picture
tkPic = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pic, master = window) # Converts the pic image to a tk PhotoImage
canvas1.create_image(10,10,anchor='nw', image = tkPic)
def saveImage():
global pic
global tkPic2
pic = Image.open(tkPic2)
toSave = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode='w',defaultextension='.jpg')
pic.save(toSave)
def change_pixel():
global window
global canvas1
global tkPic2
global pic
global radio1
global radio2
global radio3
global radio4
# Treats the image as a 2d array, iterates through changing the
#values of each pixel with the algorithm for gray
rgbList = pic.load() #Get a 2d array of the pixels
for row in range(picWidth):
for column in range(picHeight):
rgb = rgbList[row,column]
r,g,b = rgb # Unpacks the RGB value tuple per pixel
if radio1 == True:
grayAlgorithm1 = grayAverage(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1)
elif radio2 == True:
grayAlgorithm1 = lightness(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1)
elif radio3 == True:
grayAlgorithm1= luminosity(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1) # Gives each pixel a new RGB value
elif radio4 == True:
r,g,b= invertRGB(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (r, g, b) # Gives each pixel a new RGB value
# Converting to a tkinter PhotoImage
del tkPic2
tkPic2 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pic, master = window)
canvas1.create_image(815,170, anchor='e',image = tkPic2)
# Function to create a button, takes the button text and the function to be called on click
def tkButtonCreate(text, command):
tkinter.Button(window, text = text, command = command).pack()
def main():
drawRadioButtons()
tkButtonCreate('Open Image',openImage)
tkButtonCreate('Convert', change_pixel)
tkButtonCreate('Save',saveImage)
window.mainloop()
#convertButton = tkinter.Button(window,text = 'Convert', command = change_pixel).pack()
main()
答案 0 :(得分：3)
删除pic = Image.open(tkPic2)
saveImage()
保存文件：
def saveImage():
global pic
toSave = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode='w',defaultextension='.jpg')
pic.save(toSave)
BTW：让对象更好地使用None代替''
pic = None
tkPic = None
tkPic2 = None
picToConvert = None
canvas1 = None
此外，del会为您提供None
del tkPic2 # now tkPic2 == None
编辑：解决IntVar和旋转问题。
我创建全局变量var = None然后我可以在函数中使用它（使用global var）
我使用pic = pic.rotate(180)在没有新变量的情况下“就地”旋转。
我为Rotation和功能onConvert添加单选按钮以运行rotateIt或change_pixel，现在我在tkPic2中创建onConvert
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
#from graphics import GraphWin # not needed
# for Python 3.x
from tkinter import filedialog # Will be used to open the file from the user
import tkinter
# for Python 2.x
#import Tkinter as tkinter
#import tkFileDialog as filedialog # Will be used to open the file from the user
import os
# --- Global variables for radio buttons ---
radio1 = True
radio2 = False
radio3 = False
radio4 = False
#--------------------------------------------
# --- Global variables for picture ---
pic = None
tkPic = None
tkPic2 = None
picToConvert = None
picWidth = 0
picHeight = 0
canvas1 = None
var = None #create global variable
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
def rotateIt():
global pic
print "(debug) rotateIt:", pic
pic = pic.rotate(180)
# --- Function for radio buttons ---
def whichSelected(numberSelected):
global radio1
global radio2
global radio3
global radio4
if numberSelected == 4:
radio1 = False
radio4 = True
elif numberSelected == 3:
radio1 = False
radio3 = True
elif numberSelected == 2:
radio1 = False
radio2 = True
elif numberSelected == 1:
radio1 = True
# --- Gray Algorithms ---
def grayAverage(r, g, b):
return (r + g + b) // 3
def invertRGB(r,g,b):
return (255 - r, 255 - g, 255 - b)
def lightness(r,g,b):
return (max(r, g, b) + min(r, g, b)) // 2
def luminosity(r,g,b):
return int(((0.21 * r) + (0.71 * g) + (0.07 * b)))
def getRGB(r,g,b):
red = eval(input("Enter the value of red: "))
green = eval(input("Enter the value of green: "))
blue = eval(input("Enter the value of blue: "))
return red-r + green-g + blue-b // 3
# --- End Gray Algorithms ---
# Draws window, opens picture selected by user, packs the canvas
def drawWindow():
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title(os.environ.get( "USERNAME" )) # sets the window title to the
return window
def drawCanvas():
global window
global canvas1
canvas1 = tkinter.Canvas(window, width = 820, height =340) # Draws a canvas onto the tkinter window
canvas1.pack()
return canvas1
# Global variables for window and canvas
window = drawWindow()
canvas1 = drawCanvas()
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# --- Radio Button Code ---
def drawRadioButtons():
global window, var
var = tkinter.IntVar()
option1 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Average Grayscale', variable = var, value = 1, command = lambda: whichSelected(1))
option2 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Lightness Grayscale', variable = var, value = 2, command = lambda: whichSelected(2))
option3 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Luminosity Grayscale', variable = var, value = 3, command = lambda: whichSelected(3))
option4 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Invert', variable = var, value = 4, command = lambda: whichSelected(4))
option5 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text ='Rotate 180', variable = var, value = 5)
# Sets the first button to clicked
option1.select()
# Pack Radio Buttons
option1.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option2.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option3.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option4.pack(anchor = 'sw')
option5.pack(anchor = 'sw')
# End Radio Button code
def openImage():
global window
global canvas1
global pic
global picWidth
global picHeight
global tkPic
global tkPic2
global picToConvert
canvas1.delete('all')
del pic
del tkPic
picToConvert = filedialog.askopenfilename(defaultextension='.jpg') # Used to open the file selected by the user
pic = Image.open(picToConvert).convert('RGB')
picWidth, picHeight = pic.size # PIL method .size gives both the width and height of a picture
tkPic = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pic, master = window) # Converts the pic image to a tk PhotoImage
canvas1.create_image(10,10,anchor='nw', image = tkPic)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
def saveImage():
global pic
toSave = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode='w',defaultextension='.jpg')
pic.save(toSave)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
def onConvert():
global var
global tkPic2
global window
if var.get() == 5:
rotateIt(pic)
else:
change_pixel()
# Converting to a tkinter PhotoImage
if tkPic2:
del tkPic2
tkPic2 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pic, master = window)
canvas1.create_image(815,170, anchor='e',image = tkPic2)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
def change_pixel():
global window
global canvas1
global pic
global radio1
global radio2
global radio3
global radio4
# Treats the image as a 2d array, iterates through changing the
#values of each pixel with the algorithm for gray
rgbList = pic.load() #Get a 2d array of the pixels
for row in range(picWidth):
for column in range(picHeight):
rgb = rgbList[row,column]
#print rgb
r,g,b = rgb # Unpacks the RGB value tuple per pixel
if radio1 == True:
grayAlgorithm1 = grayAverage(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1)
elif radio2 == True:
grayAlgorithm1 = lightness(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1)
elif radio3 == True:
grayAlgorithm1= luminosity(r,g,b)
rgbList[row,column] = (grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1, grayAlgorithm1) # Gives each pixel a new RGB value
elif radio4 == True:
rgbList[row,column] = invertRGB(r,g,b) # Gives each pixel a new RGB value
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Function to create a button, takes the button text and the function to be called on click
def tkButtonCreate(text, command):
tkinter.Button(window, text = text, command = command).pack()
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
def main():
drawRadioButtons()
tkButtonCreate('Open Image',openImage)
tkButtonCreate('Convert', onConvert)
tkButtonCreate('Save',saveImage)
window.mainloop()
#convertButton = tkinter.Button(window,text = 'Convert', command = change_pixel).pack()
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
main()