如何重载运算符<<对于使用共享基类的派生类?

时间:2013-12-02 10:02:54

标签: c++ inheritance operator-overloading virtual subclass

我正在尝试在多个子类中重载operator<<。 我有一个叫做 Question 的超类,它有一个枚举值 type ,还有一个字符串 question 。 该类的子类是 TextQuestion,ChoiceQuestion,BoolQuestion和ScaleQuestion。 TextQuestion 没有其他数据字段。 ChoiceQuestion 有一个字符串向量,用于存储多项选择的可能性。 BoolQuestion 没有其他数据字段。 ScaleQuestion 有两个int值, low _ high _ ,用于比例。

class Question {
public:
    enum Type{TEXT, CHOICE, BOOL, SCALE};
    Question():
        type_(), question_() {}
    Question(Type type, std::string question):
        type_(type), question_(question) {}
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Question& q);
    virtual void print(std::ostream& out) const;
    virtual ~Question();
    private:
    Type type_;
    std::string question_;
};

class TextQuestion: public Question {
public:
    TextQuestion():
        Question() {}
    TextQuestion(Type type, std::string question):
        Question(type, question) {}
    void print(std::ostream& out) const;
    virtual ~TextQuestion();
};

class ChoiceQuestion: public Question {
public:
    ChoiceQuestion():
        Question(), choices_() {}
    ChoiceQuestion(Type type, std::string question, std::vector<std::string> choices):
        Question(type, question), choices_(choices) {}
    void print(std::ostream& out) const;
    virtual ~ChoiceQuestion();
private:
    std::vector<std::string> choices_;
};

class BoolQuestion: public Question {
public:
    BoolQuestion():
        Question() {}
    BoolQuestion(Type type, std::string question):
        Question(type, question) {}
    void print(std::ostream& out) const;
    virtual ~BoolQuestion();
};

class ScaleQuestion: public Question {
public:
    ScaleQuestion():
        Question(), low_(), high_() {}
    ScaleQuestion(Type type, std::string question, int low = 0, int high = 0):
        Question(type, question), low_(low), high_(high) {}
    void print(std::ostream& out) const;
    virtual ~ScaleQuestion();
private:
    int low_, high_;
};

现在,我正在尝试重载运算符&lt;&lt;对于所有这些子类,我尝试使用this example

所以我在超类中创建了一个虚拟打印函数,重载了每个子类中的print函数,超类中的operator<<调用了print函数。

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Question& q) {
q.print(out);
return out;
}

void Question::print(std::ostream& out) const {
    std::string type;
    switch(type_) {
    case Question::TEXT:
        type = "TEXT";
        break;
    case Question::CHOICE:
        type = "CHOICE";
        break;
    case Question::BOOL:
        type = "BOOL";
        break;
    case Question::SCALE:
        type = "SCALE";
        break;
    }
    out << type << " " << question_;
}

void TextQuestion::print(std::ostream& out) const {
    Question::print(out);
}

void ChoiceQuestion::print(std::ostream& out) const {
    Question::print(out);
    out << std::endl;
    int size(get_choices_size());
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        out << choices_[i] << std::endl;
    }
}

void BoolQuestion::print(std::ostream& out) const {
    Question::print(out);
   }

void ScaleQuestion::print(std::ostream& out) const {
    Question::print(out);
        out << " " << low_ << " " << high_;
}  

我在示例中完全按照这样做,但是当我输出我的问题时,它总是使用基类并仅输出类型问题。编译器从不使用子类。

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:6)

  1. 只有virtual函数允许根据对象的动态类型进行调度(给定基类的静态类型)。
  2. 只有非静态成员函数可以是virtual
  3. operator <<不能是virtual,因为它不能是非静态成员函数,因为它的第一个参数必须是流。
  4. 您可以从operator <<调用虚拟函数,该函数接受对基类的引用。

    从非虚函数调用虚函数,以保留未被覆盖的界面方面,称为非虚拟习语

  5. 啊,我在第一次阅读时没有看到任何virtual,但现在我做到了。如果你没有得到预期的子类行为,可能的罪魁祸首就是切片,你可以在其中创建一个基类类型的对象,并从子类对象中为它赋值。

    TextQuestion q( "What is hello, world?" ); // Original object
    Question & qr( q ); // Reference, not another object
    Question q2( q ); // Base class object with copied subset (slice) of data.
    
    std::cout << q << '\n'; // Observe subclass behavior.
    std::cout << qr << '\n'; // Observe subclass behavior due to dynamic typing.
    std::cout << q2 << '\n'; // Observe superclass behavior due to slicing.    
    

答案 1 :(得分:1)

您无法覆盖类中的operator<<,因为它不能是成员(您无法将this作为正确的操作数传递。)

相反,在每个子类中重写虚拟print函数,并根据它定义global / nanespace作用域operator<<