基于协程的状态机

时间:2013-09-26 10:04:13

标签: python event-handling tornado coroutine fsm

我有一个棘手而有趣的问题。

在通过Twisted,Tornado中的某些传输层处理协议实现等I / O任务时,我发现了类似的场景或模式。该模式相当通用而不是抽象。例如,当您使用MODEM - 类似设备时,您可以向他发送命令并接收结果。

但是,有时您需要使用新命令对最后一个命令上的调制解调器的响应做出反应。例如,假设调制解调器是M, - >是一个通信运算符,它接受一个参数,消息密钥,服务器是S。

    1. s ->(a) M
       1.1 M ->(b) S # modem reacts on `a` as `b`; so next we should send him command B
       1.2 M ->(c) S # modem responses on `a` as `c`; so next we should send him C
    2. s ->(b) M
       2.1 M ->(g) S
       2.2 M -> (f) S
       ...
       2.N M -> (x) S
    ...

所以,它看起来像FSM行为。在龙卷风中实现这种情况会很好,同时使用非阻塞I / O(通过流对象)。通过简单地提供跟踪场景作为输入并覆盖输入中描述的状态(事件)的处理程序,我们可以达到良好的有限状态机行为。

输入可能有以下符号:

{
  a: (b, c, d),
  b: (c, 'exit|silence'),
  c: (a, 'exit|silence'),
  d: (b)
}

其中所有这些字母数字符号都是州名。 每个键值对都是状态名称和可能的状态转换集。

在龙卷风协同程序和期货中引入的FSM的可能实施方式是什么? 请分享您的想法和代码。

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:5)

我认为Twisted更适合协议实现。无论如何,在Python中,函数和方法是第一类的对象,这意味着你可以将它们存储在字典中。您还可以使用functools.partial将具有参数的函数绑定到字典键。您可以使用它来实现转换。每个状态应该是一个包含字典的函数,其中键是可能的输入状态,值是输出状态。然后你可以轻松地从一个州到另一个州。要使用Tornado循环下一个状态,而不是直接调用,应使用ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback注册为回调。

自动机接受语言a * b * c的示例实现:

import errno
import functools
import socket
from tornado import ioloop, iostream

class Communicator(object):
    def connection_ready(self, sock, fd, events):
        while True:
            try:
                connection, address = sock.accept()
            except socket.error, e:
                if e[0] not in (errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN):
                    raise
                return
            connection.setblocking(0)
            self.stream = iostream.IOStream(connection)
            self.stream.read_until(delimiter='\n', callback=self.initial_state) 

    def initial_state(self, msg):
        msg = msg.rstrip()
        print "entering initial state with message: %s" % msg
        transitions = {
            'a' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.state_a, msg),
            'b' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.state_b, msg),
            'c' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.final_state, msg)
        }
        try:
            transitions[msg[0]]()
        except:
            self.stream.write("Aborted (wrong input)\n", self.stream.close)

    def state_a(self, msg):
        print "entering state a with message: %s" % msg
        transitions = {
            'a' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.stream.write, "got a\n", functools.partial(self.state_a, msg[1:])),
            'b' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.state_b, msg),
            'c' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.final_state, msg[1:])
        }
        try:
            transitions[msg[0]]()
        except:
            self.stream.write("Aborted (wrong input)\n", self.stream.close)

    def state_b(self, msg):
        print "entering state b with message: %s" % msg
        transitions = {
            'a' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.state_a, msg),
            'b' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.stream.write, "got b\n", functools.partial(self.state_a, msg[1:])),
            'c' : functools.partial(ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback, self.final_state, msg[1:])}
        try:
            transitions[msg[0]]()
        except:
            self.stream.write("Aborted (wrong input)\n" , self.stream.close)

    def final_state(self, msg):
        print "entering final state with message: %s" % msg
        self.stream.write("Finished properly with message %s\n" % msg, self.stream.close)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock.setblocking(0)
    sock.bind(("", 8000))
    sock.listen(5000)

    communicator = Communicator()
    io_loop = ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
    callback = functools.partial(communicator.connection_ready, sock)
    io_loop.add_handler(sock.fileno(), callback, io_loop.READ)
    try:
        io_loop.start()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        io_loop.stop()
        print "exited cleanly"

使用Netcat的会话:

$ nc localhost 8000
aaaaa
got a
got a
got a
got a
got a
Aborted (wrong input)
$ nc localhost 8000
abababab
got a
got b
got a
got b
got a
got b
got a
got b
Aborted (wrong input)
$ nc localhost 8000
aaabbbc
got a
got a
got a
got b
got b
got b
Finished properly with message 
$ nc localhost 8000
abcabc
got a
got b
Finished properly with message abc