通过非虚方法进行多态调用

时间:2013-09-18 10:35:02

标签: c++ inheritance polymorphism virtual-method

我对多态性有一点问题。我的简单代码:

Animal.h

class Animal {
public:
    Animal();
    Animal(const Animal& orig);
    virtual ~Animal();
    virtual void get();
};


Animal.cpp

#include "Animal.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Animal::Animal() {
    cout << "Animal is born" << endl;
}

void Animal::get() {
    cout << "get() from an Animal!" << endl;
}



Bird.h

class Bird : public Animal {
public:
    Bird();
    Bird(const Bird& orig);
    virtual ~Bird();
    void get();
};


Bird.cpp

#include "Bird.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Bird::Bird() {
    cout << "Bird is born" << endl;
}

void Bird::get() {
    cout << "get() from a Bird!" << endl;
}



Chicken.h

#include "Bird.h"

class Chicken : public Bird {
public:
    Chicken();
    Chicken(const Chicken& orig);
    virtual ~Chicken();
    void get();
};


Chicken.cpp

#include "Chicken.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Chicken::Chicken() {
    cout << "Chicken is born" << endl;
}

void Chicken::get() {
    cout << "get() from a Chicken!" << endl;
}



还有一个工厂方法根据输入返回一个Animal *指针到具体实现:


Factory.h

#include "Animal.h"
#include "Bird.h"

class Factory {
public:
    Factory();
    Factory(const Factory& orig);
    virtual ~Factory();
    Animal* generateAnimal();
    Bird* generateBird();
};


Factory.cpp

#include "Factory.h"

#include "Animal.h"
#include "Bird.h"
#include "Chicken.h"

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;

Animal* Factory::generateAnimal() {
    string choice;
    cout << "What do you want? 1-Animal, 2-Bird, 3-Chicken" << endl;
    cin >> choice;
    Animal* animal;

    if (choice.at(0) == '1') {
        cout << "You chose Animal" << endl;
        animal = new Animal();
        return animal;
    } else if (choice.at(0) == '2') {
        cout << "You chose Bird" << endl;
        animal = new Bird();
        return animal;
    } else if (choice.at(0) == '3') {
        cout << "You chose Chicken" << endl;
        animal = new Chicken();
        return animal;
    } else {
        cout << "Wrong input" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
}

Bird* Factory::generateBird() {
    string choice;
    cout << "What do you want? 1-Animal, 2-Bird, 3-Chicken" << endl;
    cin >> choice;
    Bird* bird;

    if (choice.at(0) == '2') {
        cout << "You chose Bird" << endl;
        bird = new Bird();
        return bird;
    } else if (choice.at(0) == '3') {
        cout << "You chose Chicken" << endl;
        bird = new Chicken();
        return bird;
    } else {
        cout << "Wrong input" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
}



我省略了ctors&amp; dtors。
main.cpp中

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include "Factory.h"
#include "Animal.h"
#include "Bird.h"
#include "Chicken.h"

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    Factory factory;
    Animal* animal = factory.generateAnimal();
    animal->get();

    return 0;
}



在运行时解析Animal类的具体实现。 很明显,从Animal类中删除虚拟关键字会导致调用 get()方法的Animal实现,无论animal *指向Bird还是Chicken。

What do you want? 1-Animal, 2-Bird, 3-Chicken
3
You chose Chicken
Animal is born
Bird is born
Chicken is born
get() from an Animal!

同样显而易见的是,调用虚拟 get()方法会导致对具体子类的多态调用。 我担心的是这种情况: 而不是

Animal* animal = factory.generateAnimal();
animal->get();

我们有

Bird* bird = factory.generateBird();
bird->get();

我们有一个指向Bird类的指针,其中 get()方法未声明为虚拟。输出是:

What do you want? 1-Animal, 2-Bird, 3-Chicken
3
You chose Chicken
Animal is born
Bird is born
Chicken is born
get() from a Chicken!



如何实现,调用非虚函数会导致对子类的虚拟调用? “虚拟主义”是否继承了?如果是,是否可能以某种方式对指针类执行非虚拟调用,而不是实现类?

4 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:4)

即使您未指定virtual关键字,virtual方法仍会在继承的类中保留virtual。实际上在C ++ 11中,您可以指定该方法被覆盖:

class Bird {
  void get() override;
}

您甚至可以在重写方法上指定虚拟关键字,只是为了自己记住它,但是您无法“删除”该方法的动态调度。

您唯一可以做的是通过指定它来选择实现:

Bird *bird = new Bird();
bird->Animal::get();

答案 1 :(得分:1)

  

我们有一个指向Bird类的指针,其中 get()方法不是虚拟的。

那是错的。这是虚拟的。虚函数不能通过派生类变为非虚函数。 virtual关键字在那里是可选的,但它没有效果。

答案 2 :(得分:1)

简而言之,是的,virtual是“继承的”。换句话说,当您从基类继承时,您无法从virtual“更改回”到非虚拟。这会使系统对拼写错误非常脆弱(忘记虚拟,并且突然根据您来到对象的路线调用不同的成员)。

答案 3 :(得分:0)

假设你有一个类层次结构

class A{
    void f();
};
class B : public A{
    void f();    
};
class C : public B{
    void f();    
};
\\...
class O : public N{
    void f();    
};
class P : public O{
    virtual void f();    
};
class Q : public P{
    virtual void f();    
};
class R : public Q{
    void f();    
};
\\...
class Z : public Y{
    void f();    
};

只要遍历层次结构,成员就被声明为虚拟成员,对于其他派生类也是如此。如果您想知道,如果Z::f()是虚拟的,则无法使Q::f()非虚拟。

这段代码解释了这个含义:

Z z;
A& a = z;
O& o = z;
P& p = z;
Q& q = z;
Z& z = z;
a.f(); //calls A::f()
o.f(); //calls O::f()
p.f(); //calls Z::f()
q.f(); //calls Z::f()
z.f(); //calls Z::f()
z.A::f(); //calls A::f()
z.R::f(); //calls R::f()

当然这假设O :: f()被覆盖。

另请参阅my answer相关问题。