是否有可能在可变参数宏中迭代参数？

时间：2009-12-09 07:35:05

标签： c foreach c99 c-preprocessor variadic

我想知道是否可以迭代传递给C99中的可变参数宏或使用任何GCC扩展的参数？

例如是否有可能编写一个通用的宏，它接受一个结构，并将其字段作为参数传递，并打印结构中每个字段的偏移量？

这样的事情：

struct a {
    int a;
    int b;
    int c;
};

/* PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS will print offset of each of the fields 
   within structure passed as the first argument.
*/

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS(struct a, a, b, c);

    return 0;
}

10 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分：64)

这是我当天的作业，它基于宏观技巧，今天我特别了解__VA_NARG__ invented by Laurent Deniau。无论如何，为了清楚起见，以下示例代码最多可以处理8个字段。如果需要更多，只需通过复制来扩展代码（这是因为预处理器不具有递归功能，因为它只读取文件一次）。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>

struct a
{
  int a;
  int b;
  int c;
};

struct b
{
  int a;
  int b;
  int c;
  int d;
};

#define STRINGIZE(arg)  STRINGIZE1(arg)
#define STRINGIZE1(arg) STRINGIZE2(arg)
#define STRINGIZE2(arg) #arg

#define CONCATENATE(arg1, arg2)   CONCATENATE1(arg1, arg2)
#define CONCATENATE1(arg1, arg2)  CONCATENATE2(arg1, arg2)
#define CONCATENATE2(arg1, arg2)  arg1##arg2

/* PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS will print offset of each of the fields 
 within structure passed as the first argument.
 */
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_1(structure, field, ...) printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_2(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_1(structure, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_3(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_2(structure, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_4(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_3(structure, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_5(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
 PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_4(structure, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_6(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_5(structure, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_7(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_6(structure, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_8(structure, field, ...)\
  printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)"-%d\n", offsetof(structure, field));\
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_7(structure, __VA_ARGS__)

#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_NARG(...) PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_NARG_(__VA_ARGS__, PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_RSEQ_N())
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_NARG_(...) PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_ARG_N(__VA_ARGS__) 
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_ARG_N(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, N, ...) N 
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_RSEQ_N() 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_(N, structure, field, ...) CONCATENATE(PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_, N)(structure, field, __VA_ARGS__)

#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS(structure, field, ...) PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_(PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_NARG(field, __VA_ARGS__), structure, field, __VA_ARGS__)

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS(struct a, a, b, c);
  printf("\n");
  PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS(struct b, a, b, c, d);

  return 0;
}

打印出来：

struct a:a-0
struct a:b-4
struct a:c-8

struct b:a-0
struct b:b-4
struct b:c-8
struct b:d-12

编辑：这是一个稍微不同的版本，试图更通用。 FOR_EACH(what, ...)宏将what应用于变量参数列表中的每个其他参数。

所以，你只需要定义一个像这样的单个参数的宏：

#define DO_STUFF(x) foo(x)

将应用于列表中的每个参数。 因此，对于您的典型示例，您需要进行一些修改，但仍然保持简洁：

#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_(structure, field) printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)" - offset = %d\n", offsetof(structure, field));
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS(field) PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_(struct a, field)

你可以这样申请：

FOR_EACH(PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS, a, b, c);

最后，一个完整的示例程序：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>

struct a
{
  int a;
  int b;
  int c;
};

#define STRINGIZE(arg)  STRINGIZE1(arg)
#define STRINGIZE1(arg) STRINGIZE2(arg)
#define STRINGIZE2(arg) #arg

#define CONCATENATE(arg1, arg2)   CONCATENATE1(arg1, arg2)
#define CONCATENATE1(arg1, arg2)  CONCATENATE2(arg1, arg2)
#define CONCATENATE2(arg1, arg2)  arg1##arg2

#define FOR_EACH_1(what, x, ...) what(x)
#define FOR_EACH_2(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
  FOR_EACH_1(what,  __VA_ARGS__);
#define FOR_EACH_3(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
  FOR_EACH_2(what, __VA_ARGS__);
#define FOR_EACH_4(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
  FOR_EACH_3(what,  __VA_ARGS__);
#define FOR_EACH_5(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
 FOR_EACH_4(what,  __VA_ARGS__);
#define FOR_EACH_6(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
  FOR_EACH_5(what,  __VA_ARGS__);
#define FOR_EACH_7(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
  FOR_EACH_6(what,  __VA_ARGS__);
#define FOR_EACH_8(what, x, ...)\
  what(x);\
  FOR_EACH_7(what,  __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_NARG(...) FOR_EACH_NARG_(__VA_ARGS__, FOR_EACH_RSEQ_N())
#define FOR_EACH_NARG_(...) FOR_EACH_ARG_N(__VA_ARGS__) 
#define FOR_EACH_ARG_N(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, N, ...) N 
#define FOR_EACH_RSEQ_N() 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

#define FOR_EACH_(N, what, x, ...) CONCATENATE(FOR_EACH_, N)(what, x, __VA_ARGS__)
#define FOR_EACH(what, x, ...) FOR_EACH_(FOR_EACH_NARG(x, __VA_ARGS__), what, x, __VA_ARGS__)

#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_(structure, field) printf(STRINGIZE(structure)":"STRINGIZE(field)" - offset = %d\n", offsetof(structure, field));
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS(field) PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_(struct a, field)

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  FOR_EACH(PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS, a, b, c);
  printf("\n");

  return 0;
}

答案 1 :(得分：40)

冒着获得考古学家徽章的风险，我认为使用Overloading Macro on Number of Arguments

中的技术，格雷戈里的回答有一点小改进

使用foo.h：

// Make a FOREACH macro
#define FE_1(WHAT, X) WHAT(X) 
#define FE_2(WHAT, X, ...) WHAT(X)FE_1(WHAT, __VA_ARGS__)
#define FE_3(WHAT, X, ...) WHAT(X)FE_2(WHAT, __VA_ARGS__)
#define FE_4(WHAT, X, ...) WHAT(X)FE_3(WHAT, __VA_ARGS__)
#define FE_5(WHAT, X, ...) WHAT(X)FE_4(WHAT, __VA_ARGS__)
//... repeat as needed

#define GET_MACRO(_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,NAME,...) NAME 
#define FOR_EACH(action,...) \
  GET_MACRO(__VA_ARGS__,FE_5,FE_4,FE_3,FE_2,FE_1)(action,__VA_ARGS__)

// Example
// Some actions
#define QUALIFIER(X) X::
#define OPEN_NS(X)   namespace X {
#define CLOSE_NS(X)  }
// Helper function
#define QUALIFIED(NAME,...) FOR_EACH(QUALIFIER,__VA_ARGS__)NAME

// Emit some code
QUALIFIED(MyFoo,Outer,Next,Inner)  foo();

FOR_EACH(OPEN_NS,Outer,Next,Inner)
  class Foo;
FOR_EACH(CLOSE_NS,Outer,Next,Inner)

cpp foo.h生成：

Outer::Next::Inner::MyFoo foo();

namespace Outer {namespace Next {namespace Inner {
   class Foo;
}}}

答案 2 :(得分：14)

如果使用X-Macros描述了您的结构，则可以编写一个函数或宏来迭代结构的所有字段并打印它们的偏移量。 

#include <stddef.h>   // offsetof macro

//--- first describe the structure, the fields, their types
#define X_FIELDS \
    X(int,    field1) \
    X(int,    field2) \
    X(char,   field3) \
    X(char *, field4)

//--- define the structure, the X macro will be expanded once per field
typedef struct {
#define X(type, name) type name;
    X_FIELDS
#undef X
} mystruct;

//--- "iterate" over all fields of the structure and print out their offset
void print_offset(mystruct *aStruct)
{
#define X(type, name) printf("offset of %s is %d\n", #name, offsetof(mystruct, name));
        X_FIELDS
#undef X
}

//--- demonstrate
int main(int ac, char**av)
{
    mystruct a = { 0, 1, 'a', "hello"};
    print_offset(&a);

    return 0;
}

答案 3 :(得分：6)

Gregory Pakosz的解决方案效果很好。但我有两个小问题：

  1. 使用迂腐选项进行编译时，我收到了警告：＆＃34; ISO99要求使用休息参数＆＃34;。 这是由第一个FOR_EACH_1宏中的variad参数引起的。删除这些并在FOR_EACH_2中更改对FOR_EACH_1的调用已删除此警告。

    #define FOR_EACH_1(what, x) 
#define FOR_EACH_2(what, x, ...)\
    what(x);                    \
    FOR_EACH_1(what);

  2. 由于我以非常通用的方式使用它，我有时只需要用一个参数调用repeat宏。 （我知道重复一次项目是没有意义的;））。幸运的是，这个问题的解决方案非常简单。只需从FOR_EACH宏中删除x参数。

    #define FOR_EACH(what, ...) FOR_EACH_(FOR_EACH_NARG(__VA_ARGS__), what, __VA_ARGS__)

    3. 这里有两个变化的完整列表：

    #define CONCATENATE(arg1, arg2)   CONCATENATE1(arg1, arg2)
#define CONCATENATE1(arg1, arg2)  CONCATENATE2(arg1, arg2)
#define CONCATENATE2(arg1, arg2)  arg1##arg2

#define FOR_EACH_1(what, x)         \
    what(x)

#define FOR_EACH_2(what, x, ...)    \
    what(x);                        \
    FOR_EACH_1(what, __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_3(what, x, ...)    \
    what(x);                        \
    FOR_EACH_2(what, __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_4(what, x, ...)    \
    what(x);                        \
    FOR_EACH_3(what,  __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_5(what, x, ...)    \
    what(x);                        \
    FOR_EACH_4(what,  __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_6(what, x, ...)    \
  what(x);                          \
  FOR_EACH_5(what,  __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_7(what, x, ...)    \
    what(x);                        \
    FOR_EACH_6(what,  __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_8(what, x, ...)    \
    what(x);                        \
    FOR_EACH_7(what,  __VA_ARGS__);

#define FOR_EACH_NARG(...) FOR_EACH_NARG_(__VA_ARGS__, FOR_EACH_RSEQ_N())
#define FOR_EACH_NARG_(...) FOR_EACH_ARG_N(__VA_ARGS__) 
#define FOR_EACH_ARG_N(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, N, ...) N 
#define FOR_EACH_RSEQ_N() 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

#define FOR_EACH_(N, what, ...) CONCATENATE(FOR_EACH_, N)(what, __VA_ARGS__)
#define FOR_EACH(what, ...) FOR_EACH_(FOR_EACH_NARG(__VA_ARGS__), what, __VA_ARGS__)

答案 4 :(得分：4)

也许使用varargs作为数组初始值设定项，并迭代countof（数组）？即sizeof（array）/ sizeof（array [0]）。该数组可能是一个C99匿名数组。

我想不出另一种迭代宏的var-args的方法，因为我不知道如何对每个var-arg元素的文本做任何事情。 var-arg部分也可能是一个包含逗号的参数，因为你可以用CPP，AFAIK做到这一点。

但是我的想法是迭代var-args：

#define countof(a) ( sizeof(a)/sizeof((a)[0]) )
#define MACRO(fd, format, ...) do { int ar_[] = { __VA_ARGS__ }; \
for(int i=0; i<countof(ar_) ; ++i){ \
    fprintf(fd, format, ar_[i]); \
} } while(0)

答案 5 :(得分：1)

这是我的解决方案 享受

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define ITERATE_OVER_VARADICT_MACROS( str, ...)\
do{\
    int i, _arr_[] = {__VA_ARGS__};\
    fprintf(stderr,"msg =%s\n",  str); \
    for(i=0; i<sizeof(_arr_)/sizeof(int) ; i++){ \
    fprintf(stderr,"_arr_[%d]= %d\n", i, _arr_[i] ); \
    }\
}while(0)


int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    ITERATE_OVER_VARADICT_MACROS("Test of iterate over arguments in variadic macros", 10,12, 34);
    return 0;
}

答案 6 :(得分：0)

这是我能想到的最好的标准C：

#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// prints a single offset
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSET(x, a) printf("&" #x "." #a " = %d\n", offsetof(x, a));

// prints a struct with one member
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_1(x, a) PRN_STRUCT_OFFSET(x, a)

// prints a struct with two members
#define PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_2(x, a, b) \
            PRN_STRUCT_OFFSET(x, a) \
            PRN_STRUCT_OFFSET(x, b)

// and so on until some N.
// Boost.Preprocessor might help here, I'm not sure

struct some_struct
{
    int a;
    void* c;
};

int main(void)
{
    PRN_STRUCT_OFFSETS_2(struct some_struct, a, c);

    return 0;
}

答案 7 :(得分：0)

我将此添加为另一个答案。这是尝试用C ++ 0x，用g ++ 4.5.0编译

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template<typename L>
inline void for_each(L l)
{
}

template<typename L, typename P, typename... Q>
inline void for_each(L l, P arg, Q... args)
{
  l(arg);
  for_each(l, args...);
}

int main()
{
  for_each([] (int x) { cout << x; }, 1, 2, 3);

  return 0;
}

程序打印

  

123

但是，使用此方法，传递给lambda表达式的所有参数都需要在上面的示例中具有相同的类型int。但是，lambdas允许您捕获变量，如：

int main()
{
  int offset = 10;

  for_each([offset] (int x) { cout << offset + x << endl; }, 1, 2, 3);

  return 0;
}

打印出来：

11
12
13

答案 8 :(得分：0)

如果您定位Objective-C ...请查看真棒KSVarArgs on Github

  

KSVarArgs是一组宏，旨在使Objective-C中的变量参数更容易处理。所有宏都假设varargs列表仅包含objective-c对象或类似对象的结构（可分配给类型id）。基本宏ksva_iterate_list（）遍历变量参数，为每个参数调用一个块，直到它遇到终止nil。转换为常见集合时，其他宏是为了方便起见。

/*! @param firstNote NSString that is the only known arg 
 */

- (void) observeWithBlocks:(NSString*)firstNote,...{

  /*! ksva_list_to_nsarray puts varargs into 
      new array, `namesAndBlocks` 
   */
  ksva_list_to_nsarray(firstNote, namesAndBlocks);

  /// Split the array into Names and Blocks

  NSArray *names = [namesAndBlocks subArrayWithMembersOfKind:NSString.class],
     *justBlocks = [namesAndBlocks arrayByRemovingObjectsFromArray:names];

  [names eachWithIndex:^(id obj, NSInteger idx) {
     [self observeName:obj usingBlock:^(NSNotification *n) {    
        ((void(^)())justBlocks[idx])(n);
     }];    
  }];
}

示例用法：

[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter observeWithBlocks: 
  NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification, /// first, named arg
  ^(NSNotification *m){ [self respondToFrameChange]; }, // vararg
  NSTextViewDidChangeSelectionNotification, // vararg
  ^(NSNotification *z){ [z.infoDict[@"textView"] save]; }, // vararg
  nil // must nil-terminate
];

答案 9 :(得分：0)

要启用空的__VA_ARGS__，可以使用GNU扩展名##_VA_ARGS__ https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html

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