我为表情创建了一个GADT。当我对具有约束的构造函数进行模式匹配时,类型检查器无法推断出对构造函数约束中使用的类型变量的约束。我认为代码和错误信息更具说明性。
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs, MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
import Data.Word
data Expr a where
Value :: a -> Expr a
Cast :: (Castable a b) => Expr a -> Expr b
class Castable a b where
cast :: a -> b
instance Castable Word64 Word32 where
cast = fromIntegral
instance (Show a) => Show (Expr a) where
show (Cast e) = "Cast " ++ show e -- ERROR
我得到的错误:
gadt.hs:16:30:
Could not deduce (Show a1) arising from a use of `show'
from the context (Show a)
bound by the instance declaration at gadt.hs:15:10-34
or from (Castable a1 a)
bound by a pattern with constructor
Cast :: forall b a. Castable a b => Expr a -> Expr b,
in an equation for `show'
at gadt.hs:16:9-14
Possible fix:
add (Show a1) to the context of
the data constructor `Cast'
or the instance declaration
In the second argument of `(++)', namely `show e'
In the expression: "Cast " ++ show e
In an equation for `show': show (Cast e) = "Cast " ++ show e
编辑:如果我注释掉Show (Expr a)
实例并添加以下代码,它可以正常工作:
eval :: Expr a -> a
eval (Value a) = a
eval (Cast e) = cast $ eval e
main = do
let bigvalue = maxBound `div` 2 + 5 :: Word64
e = Cast (Value bigvalue) :: Expr Word32
v = eval e
putStrLn "typechecks."
print (bigvalue, v)
我希望show实例基本上打印类似Cast (Value bigvalue)
的内容。
答案 0 :(得分:8)
Cast :: (Castable a b) => Expr a -> Expr b
所以这里:
instance (Show a) => Show (Expr a) where
show (Cast e) = "Cast " ++ show e -- ERROR
Cast e
的类型为Expr a
。我们有一个Show a
约束,这个实例意味着Show (Expr a)
,因此我们可以在show
类型的内容上调用Expr a
。
但是e
{<1}} 。 Expr a
接受任何类型Cast
的参数,并为您提供Expr a1
(重命名类型变量以与我们在实例中讨论的内容保持一致),Expr a
的类型为e
。我们不对Expr a1
类型有Show
约束,我们要求a1
暗示Show a1
,因此无法{ {1}}。
并且无法在Show (Expr a1)
实例中添加此类约束,因为类型show e
未出现在Show
类型中。这似乎是在这里使用GADT的重点;你故意删掉有关a1
所适用的事物类型的所有信息(除了Cast e
持有的事实之外),并简单地宣告结果是Cast
。