Haskell前monadic I / O.

时间:2013-06-08 17:39:02

标签: haskell io monads

我想知道在IO monad尚未发明的时代,Haskell中的I / O是如何完成的。任何人都知道一个例子。

编辑:现代Haskell中没有IO M​​onad可以完成I / O吗?我更喜欢一个适用于现代GHC的例子。

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:58)

在引入IO monad之前,main是类型[Response] -> [Request]的函数。 Request表示I / O操作,例如写入通道或文件,读取输入或读取环境变量等。Response将是此类操作的结果。例如,如果您执行了ReadChanReadFile请求,则相应的Response将是Str str,其中str将是String包含已读取的内容输入。执行AppendChanAppendFileWriteFile请求时,响应只会是Success。 (在所有情况下,假设给定的行动实际上是成功的)。

因此,Haskell程序可以通过构建Request值列表并从给定main的列表中读取相应的响应来工作。例如,从用户读取数字的程序可能看起来像这样(为简单起见省略任何错误处理):

main :: [Response] -> [Request]
main responses =
  [
    AppendChan "stdout" "Please enter a Number\n",
    ReadChan "stdin",
    AppendChan "stdout" . show $ enteredNumber * 2
  ]
  where (Str input) = responses !! 1
        firstLine = head . lines $ input
        enteredNumber = read firstLine 

正如Stephen Tetley在评论中指出的那样,1.2 Haskell Report的第7章给出了该模型的详细说明。


  

现代Haskell中没有IO M​​onad可以完成I / O吗?

没有。 Haskell不再支持直接执行IO的Response / Request方式,而main的类型现在是IO (),所以你不能编写一个没有的Haskell程序。涉及IO,即使你可以,你仍然没有别的办法做任何I / O.

但是,您可以执行的操作是编写一个函数,该函数采用旧式main函数并将其转换为IO操作。然后,您可以使用旧样式编写所有内容,然后仅在main中使用IO,您只需在真实主函数上调用转换函数。这样做几乎肯定会比使用IO monad更麻烦(并且会让任何现代Haskeller阅读你的代码时感到困惑),所以我绝对不会推荐它。但是 是可能的。这样的转换函数可能如下所示:

import System.IO.Unsafe

-- Since the Request and Response types no longer exist, we have to redefine
-- them here ourselves. To support more I/O operations, we'd need to expand
-- these types

data Request =
    ReadChan String
  | AppendChan String String

data Response =
    Success
  | Str String
  deriving Show

-- Execute a request using the IO monad and return the corresponding Response.
executeRequest :: Request -> IO Response
executeRequest (AppendChan "stdout" message) = do
  putStr message
  return Success
executeRequest (AppendChan chan _) =
  error ("Output channel " ++ chan ++ " not supported")
executeRequest (ReadChan "stdin") = do
  input <- getContents
  return $ Str input
executeRequest (ReadChan chan) =
  error ("Input channel " ++ chan ++ " not supported")

-- Take an old style main function and turn it into an IO action
executeOldStyleMain :: ([Response] -> [Request]) -> IO ()
executeOldStyleMain oldStyleMain = do
  -- I'm really sorry for this.
  -- I don't think it is possible to write this function without unsafePerformIO
  let responses = map (unsafePerformIO . executeRequest) . oldStyleMain $ responses
  -- Make sure that all responses are evaluated (so that the I/O actually takes
  -- place) and then return ()
  foldr seq (return ()) responses

然后您可以像这样使用此功能:

-- In an old-style Haskell application to double a number, this would be the
-- main function
doubleUserInput :: [Response] -> [Request]
doubleUserInput responses =
  [
    AppendChan "stdout" "Please enter a Number\n",
    ReadChan "stdin",
    AppendChan "stdout" . show $ enteredNumber * 2
  ]
  where (Str input) = responses !! 1
        firstLine = head . lines $ input
        enteredNumber = read firstLine 

main :: IO ()
main = executeOldStyleMain doubleUserInput

答案 1 :(得分:1)

我更喜欢一个与现代GHC兼容的示例。

对于GHC 8.6.5:

import Control.Concurrent.Chan(newChan, getChanContents, writeChan) 
import Control.Monad((<=<))

type Dialogue = [Response] -> [Request]
data Request  = Getq | Putq Char
data Response = Getp Char | Putp

runDialogue :: Dialogue -> IO ()
runDialogue d =
  do ch <- newChan
     l <- getChanContents ch
     mapM_ (writeChan ch <=< respond) (d l)

respond :: Request -> IO Response
respond Getq     = fmap Getp getChar
respond (Putq c) = putChar c >> return Putp

其中类型声明来自Philip Wadler的How to Declare an Imperative第14页。测试程序留给好奇的读者练习:-)

如果有人想知道:

 -- from ghc-8.6.5/libraries/base/Control/Concurrent/Chan.hs, lines 132-139
getChanContents :: Chan a -> IO [a]
getChanContents ch
  = unsafeInterleaveIO (do
        x  <- readChan ch
        xs <- getChanContents ch
        return (x:xs)
    )

是-unsafeInterleaveIO确实出现了。

答案 2 :(得分:0)

@ sepp2k 已经澄清了这是如何运作的,但我想补充几句话

  

我真的很抱歉。我认为没有unsafePerformIO

就可以编写这个函数

当然可以,你几乎不应该使用unsafePerformIO http://chrisdone.com/posts/haskellers

我使用稍微不同的Request类型构造函数,因此它不会像 @ sepp2k的代码那样使用频道版本stdin / stdout 。以下是我的解决方案:

(注意:getFirstReq不适用于空列表,你必须为此添加一个案例,这应该是微不足道的)

data Request = Readline
             | PutStrLn String

data Response = Success
              | Str String

type Dialog = [Response] -> [Request]


execRequest :: Request -> IO Response
execRequest Readline = getLine >>= \s -> return (Str s)
execRequest (PutStrLn s) = putStrLn s >> return Success


dialogToIOMonad :: Dialog -> IO ()
dialogToIOMonad dialog =
    let getFirstReq :: Dialog -> Request
        getFirstReq dialog = let (req:_) = dialog [] in req

        getTailReqs :: Dialog -> Response -> Dialog
        getTailReqs dialog resp =
            \resps -> let (_:reqs) = dialog (resp:resps) in reqs
    in do
        let req = getFirstReq dialog
        resp <- execRequest req
        dialogToIOMonad (getTailReqs dialog resp)