DELETE在另一个表中没有匹配的记录

时间:2013-04-11 21:20:49

标签: sql postgresql exists bigdata sql-delete

有两个表由id链接:

item_tbl (id)
link_tbl (item_id)

item_tbl中的某些记录在link_tbl中没有匹配的行。一个可以计算其金额的选择将是:

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM link_tbl lnk LEFT JOIN item_tbl itm ON lnk.item_id=itm.id
WHERE itm.id IS NULL

我想从link_tbl删除那些孤儿记录(那些在其他表中没有匹配的记录),但我能想到的唯一方法是:

DELETE FROM link_tbl lnk
WHERE lnk.item_id NOT IN (SELECT itm.id FROM item_tbl itm)

link_tbl中的 262,086,253 条记录 item_tbl 3,033,811 16,844,347 link_tbl中的孤儿记录 服务器有4GB RAM和8核CPU。

EXPLAIN DELETE FROM link_tbl lnk
WHERE lnk.item_id NOT IN (SELECT itm.id FROM item_tbl itm)

返回:

Delete on link lnk  (cost=0.00..11395249378057.98 rows=131045918 width=6)
->  Seq Scan on link lnk  (cost=0.00..11395249378057.98 rows=131045918 width=6)
     Filter: (NOT (SubPlan 1))
     SubPlan 1
       ->  Materialize  (cost=0.00..79298.10 rows=3063207 width=4)
             ->  Seq Scan on item itm  (cost=0.00..52016.07 rows=3063207 width=4)

问题是:

  1. 有没有更好的方法从link_tbl删除孤立记录?
  2. 上面的解释有多准确,或删除这些记录需要多长时间?

    • 编辑:根据Erwin Brandstetter评论修复。
    • 编辑:PostgreSql版本为9.1
    • 编辑:postgresql.config的某些部分
      1. shared_buffers = 368MB
      2. temp_buffers = 32MB
      3. work_mem = 32MB
      4. maintenance_work_mem = 64MB
      5. max_stack_depth = 6MB
      6. fsync = off
      7. synchronous_commit = off
      8. full_page_writes = off
      9. wal_buffers = 16MB
      10. wal_writer_delay = 5000ms
      11. commit_delay = 10
      12. commit_siblings = 10
      13. effective_cache_size = 1600MB
  3. 解决:

    谢谢大家的建议,非常有帮助。我终于使用了Erwin Brandstetter https://stackoverflow.com/a/15959896/1331340建议的删除,但我稍微调整了一下:

    DELETE FROM link_tbl lnk
    WHERE lnk.item_id BETWEEN 0 AND 10000
      AND lnk.item_id NOT IN (SELECT itm.id FROM item itm
                              WHERE itm.id BETWEEN 0 AND 10000)
    

    我比较了NOT IN和NOT EXISTS的结果,输出低于,虽然我使用COUNT而不是DELETE,我认为应该是相同的(我的意思是为了相对比较):

    EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT COUNT(*) 
    FROM link_tbl lnk
    WHERE lnk.item_id BETWEEN 0 AND 20000
      AND lnk.item_id NOT IN (SELECT itm.id
                              FROM item_tbl itm
                              WHERE itm.id BETWEEN 0 AND 20000);
    
    QUERY PLAN
    Aggregate  (cost=6002667.56..6002667.57 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=226817.086..226817.088 rows=1 loops=1)
    ->  Seq Scan on link_tbl lnk  (cost=1592.50..5747898.65 rows=101907564 width=0) (actual time=206.029..225289.570 rows=566625 loops=1)
         Filter: ((item_id >= 0) AND (item_id <= 20000) AND (NOT (hashed SubPlan 1)))
         SubPlan 1
           ->  Index Scan using item_tbl_pkey on item_tbl itm  (cost=0.00..1501.95 rows=36221 width=4) (actual time=0.056..99.266 rows=17560 loops=1)
                 Index Cond: ((id >= 0) AND (id <= 20000))
    Total runtime: 226817.211 ms
    
    
    EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT COUNT(*)
    FROM link_tbl lnk WHERE lnk.item_id>0 AND lnk.item_id<20000
      AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM item_tbl itm WHERE itm.id=lnk.item_id);
    
    QUERY PLAN
    Aggregate  (cost=8835772.00..8835772.01 rows=1 width=0)
       (actual time=1209235.133..1209235.135 rows=1 loops=1)
    ->  Hash Anti Join  (cost=102272.16..8835771.99 rows=1 width=0)
       (actual time=19315.170..1207900.612 rows=566534 loops=1)
         Hash Cond: (lnk.item_id = itm.id)
         ->  Seq Scan on link_tbl lnk  (cost=0.00..5091076.55 rows=203815128 width=4) (actual time=0.016..599147.604 rows=200301872 loops=1)
               Filter: ((item_id > 0) AND (item_id < 20000))
         ->  Hash  (cost=52016.07..52016.07 rows=3063207 width=4) (actual time=19313.976..19313.976 rows=3033811 loops=1)
               Buckets: 131072  Batches: 4  Memory Usage: 26672kB
               ->  Seq Scan on item_tbl itm  (cost=0.00..52016.07 rows=3063207 width=4) (actual time=0.013..9274.158 rows=3033811 loops=1)
    Total runtime: 1209260.228 ms
    

    NOT EXISTS慢了5倍。

    实际删除数据并没有花费多久我担心,我能够分5批删除它(10000-20000,20000-100000,100000-200000,200000-1000000和1000000-1755441) 。起初我发现了max item_id,我只需要经过一半的表。

    当我尝试NOT IN或EXISTS没有范围(选择计数)时它甚至没有完成,我让它在夜间运行并且它仍然在早上运行。

    我想我正在寻找来自wildplasser的回答https://stackoverflow.com/a/15988033/1331340的DELETE,但是来得太晚了。

    DELETE FROM one o
    USING (
        SELECT o2.id
        FROM one o2
        LEFT JOIN two t ON t.one_id = o2.id
        WHERE t.one_id IS NULL
        ) sq
    WHERE sq.id = o.id
        ;
    

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:17)

我使用{work_mem,effective_cache_size,random_page_cost}的不同设置对四个典型查询进行基准测试,这些设置对所选计划的影响最大。我首先使用我的默认设置“运行”来加热缓存。 注意:测试集足够小,可以让所有需要的页面都存在于缓存中。

测试集

SET search_path=tmp;

/************************/
DROP SCHEMA tmp CASCADE;
CREATE SCHEMA tmp ;
SET search_path=tmp;

CREATE TABLE one
        ( id SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
        , payload varchar
        );

CREATE TABLE two
        ( id SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
        , one_id INTEGER REFERENCES one
        , payload varchar
        );

INSERT INTO one (payload) SELECT 'Text_' || gs::text FROM generate_series(1,30000) gs;
INSERT INTO two (payload) SELECT 'Text_' || gs::text FROM generate_series(1,30000) gs;


UPDATE two t
SET one_id = o.id
FROM one o
WHERE o.id = t.id
AND random() < 0.1;

INSERT INTO two (one_id,payload) SELECT one_id,payload FROM two;
INSERT INTO two (one_id,payload) SELECT one_id,payload FROM two;
INSERT INTO two (one_id,payload) SELECT one_id,payload FROM two;

VACUUM ANALYZE one;
VACUUM ANALYZE two;
/***************/

查询:

\echo NOT EXISTS()
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
DELETE FROM one o
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM two t
        WHERE t.one_id = o.id
        );

\echo NOT IN()
EXPLAIN ANALYZE 
DELETE FROM one o
WHERE o.id NOT IN ( SELECT one_id FROM two t)
        ;

\echo USING (subquery self LEFT JOIN two where NULL)
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
DELETE FROM one o
USING (
        SELECT o2.id
        FROM one o2
        LEFT JOIN two t ON t.one_id = o2.id
        WHERE t.one_id IS NULL
        ) sq
WHERE sq.id = o.id
        ;

\echo USING (subquery self WHERE NOT EXISTS(two)))
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
DELETE FROM one o
USING (
        SELECT o2.id
        FROM one o2
        WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
                FROM two t WHERE t.one_id = o2.id
                )
        ) sq
WHERE sq.id = o.id
        ;

结果(总结)

                        NOT EXISTS()    NOT IN()        USING(LEFT JOIN NULL)   USING(NOT EXISTS)
1) rpc=4.0.csz=1M wmm=64        80.358  14389.026       77.620                  72.917
2) rpc=4.0.csz=1M wmm=64000     60.527  69.104          51.851                  51.004
3) rpc=1.5.csz=1M wmm=64        69.804  10758.480       80.402                  77.356
4) rpc=1.5.csz=1M wmm=64000     50.872  69.366          50.763                  53.339
5) rpc=4.0.csz=1G wmm=64        84.117  7625.792        69.790                  69.627
6) rpc=4.0.csz=1G wmm=64000     49.964  67.018          49.968                  49.380
7) rpc=1.5.csz=1G wmm=64        68.567  3650.008        70.283                  69.933
8) rpc=1.5.csz=1G wmm=64000     49.800  67.298          50.116                  50.345

legend: 
rpc := "random_page_cost"
csz := "effective_cache_size"
wmm := "work_mem"

如您所见,NOT IN()变体对work_mem的短缺非常敏感。同意,设置64(KB)非常低,但这个“或多或少”对应于大数据集,它们也不适合哈希表。

EXTRA:在暖入阶段,NOT EXISTS()查询遭遇极端FK触发器争用。这是与真空守护体发生冲突的结果,真空守护在表格设置后仍然有效。:

PostgreSQL 9.1.2 on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.1-9ubuntu3) 4.6.1, 64-bit
NOT EXISTS()
                                                           QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Delete on one o  (cost=6736.00..7623.94 rows=27962 width=12) (actual time=80.596..80.596 rows=0 loops=1)
   ->  Hash Anti Join  (cost=6736.00..7623.94 rows=27962 width=12) (actual time=49.174..61.327 rows=27050 loops=1)
         Hash Cond: (o.id = t.one_id)
         ->  Seq Scan on one o  (cost=0.00..463.00 rows=30000 width=10) (actual time=0.003..5.156 rows=30000 loops=1)
         ->  Hash  (cost=3736.00..3736.00 rows=240000 width=10) (actual time=49.121..49.121 rows=23600 loops=1)
               Buckets: 32768  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 1015kB
               ->  Seq Scan on two t  (cost=0.00..3736.00 rows=240000 width=10) (actual time=0.006..33.790 rows=240000 loops=1)
 Trigger for constraint two_one_id_fkey: time=467720.117 calls=27050
 Total runtime: 467824.652 ms
(9 rows)

答案 1 :(得分:7)

首先:你的文字说:

  

我想从 item_tbl删除这些孤儿记录。

但是你的代码说:

DELETE FROM link_tbl lnk ...

<强>更新 在重新阅读Q时,我发现您更有可能要删除link_tbl中的孤立行。行数指向该方向。在这种情况下,@Lucas)查询是正确的。但我担心,在这种情况下,NOT EXISTS 实际上比NOT IN

要验证我是否运行了测试用例,这与您的设置类似。无法做得更大,或者SQLfiddle会遇到超时。

-> SQLfiddle

对于相反的情况,

NOT EXISTS会更快。 (我也测试了它。)EXISTS更适合测试“很多”。通常情况下,使用EXISTS比使用NOT EXISTS获得更多收益 - 无论如何,该表格必须检查整个表格。证明不存在比证明某些存在更难。这个普遍的事实也适用于数据库。

分而治之

此操作适合拆分。特别是如果您有并发事务(但即使没有),我会考虑将DELETE分成几个片段,以便事务可以在相当长的时间后COMMIT

类似的东西:

DELETE FROM link_tbl l
WHERE  l.item_id < 1000000
AND    l.item_id NOT IN (SELECT i.id FROM item_tbl i)

然后l.item_id BETWEEN 100001 AND 200000

您无法使用功能自动执行此操作。这会把所有东西都包装成一个交易并且无视目的。因此,您必须从任何客户端编写脚本 或者你可以使用..

dblink

这个附加模块允许您在任何数据库中运行单独的事务,包括它运行的那个。这可以通过持久连接来完成,这应该可以消除大部分连接开销。 有关如何安装的说明:
How to use (install) dblink in PostgreSQL?

DO可以完成这项工作(PostgreSQL 9.0或更高版本)。一次为50000 DELETE运行100 item_id个命令:

DO
$$
DECLARE
   _sql text;
BEGIN

PERFORM dblink_connect('port=5432 dbname=mydb');  -- your connection parameters

FOR i IN 0 .. 100
LOOP
   _sql := format('
   DELETE FROM link_tbl l
   WHERE  l.item_id BETWEEN %s AND %s
   AND    l.item_id NOT IN (SELECT i.id FROM item_tbl i)'
   , (50000 * i)::text
   , (50000 * (i+1))::text);

   PERFORM  dblink_exec(_sql);
END LOOP;

PERFORM dblink_disconnect();

END
$$

如果脚本应该被中断:dblink_connect向DB日志写入它执行的内容,所以你看看已经完成了什么。

答案 2 :(得分:5)

也许这就是:

DELETE FROM link_tbl lnk
WHERE NOT EXISTS
  ( SELECT 1 FROM item_tbl item WHERE item.id = lnk.item_id );

在处理大量记录时,创建临时表,执行INSERT INTO SELECT * FROM ...然后删除原始表,重命名临时表,然后再添加索引可以更有效...