我通过ctypes访问C库,我遇到了以下问题:
我正在使用ctypeslib生成一个“包装器”(使用ctypes访问库的ctypes命令)。 C库包含在此步骤中转换为python函数的宏。 (为了尽可能独立于库内部,我想在python中使用其中的一些宏。)
其中一个宏看起来像这样:
# using the ctypes types
myuint16_t = c_ushort
myuint32_t = c_ulong
def mymacro(x): return (myuint16_t)((myuint32_t)(x) >> 16) # macro
我想以下列方式在一个单独的模块中使用生成的函数(在函数内部):
return wrapper.mymacro(valueToBeConverted) # valueToBeConverted is an int
但使用此行我收到以下错误:
....
def mymacro(x): return (myuint16_t)((myuint32_t)(x) >> 16) # macro
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'int'
(我知道转移c_ulong的常用方法是c_ulongvar.value >> x
但是每次C库中的某些更改时我都必须修补生成的包装。所以我试着避免这种情况。)
似乎这里不能使用c_ulong的__rshift__
实现。
print c_ulong.__rshift__
# throws AttributeError: type object 'c_ulong' has no attribute '__rshift__'
嗯,好像很奇怪......所以我决定重新实现c_ulong的__rshift__
方法让它运转起来:
from ctypes import *
from types import MethodType
def rshift(self, val):
print self.value >> val
# create an unbound method which applies to all (even existing) instances
c_ulong.__rshift__ = MethodType(rshift, None, c_ulong)
a = c_ulong(1)
a >> 16
但它无法解决问题。我仍然收到错误:
a >> 16
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'int'
__rshift__
方法是否可以仅用于同一类的两个实例?我尝试了以下方法:
def rshift(self, val):
print self.value >> int(val.value)
a = c_ulong(1)
a >> c_ulong(16)
它有效。但这也意味着我仍然需要修补生成的包装器。
所以:有人知道这里的诀窍吗?
更新:
@eryksun的解决方案奏效了。我正在使用:
from ctypes import *
# from types import MethodType
def _rshift(self, other):
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value >> other)
def _lshift(self, other):
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value << other)
def _coerce(self, other):
try:
return self, self.__class__(other)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
# Add the functions to the type. A method is created when
# accessed as an attribute of an instance.
c_ulong.__lshift__ = _lshift
c_ulong.__rshift__ = _rshift
c_ulong.__coerce__ = _coerce
答案 0 :(得分:2)
由于_ctypes._SimpleCData
类型没有Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
标志,因此2.x子类被视为在二进制运算中使用__coerce__
的旧式数字。有关调用方案和函数binary_op1
中的实现,请参阅Objects/abstract.c。
出于演示目的,可以在类型对象上切换此标志,您只需要在void *
字段之前定义(模糊地使用大量tp_flags
)。
PyTypeObject
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes
Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES = 1 << 4
class PyTypeObject(Structure):
_fields_ = (('ob_refcnt', c_ssize_t),
('ob_type', c_void_p),
('ob_size', c_ssize_t),
('tp_name', c_char_p),
('tp_basicsize', c_ssize_t),
('tp_itemsize', c_ssize_t),
('tp_dealloc', c_void_p),
('tp_print', c_void_p),
('tp_getattr', c_void_p),
('tp_setattr', c_void_p),
('tp_compare', c_void_p),
('tp_repr', c_void_p),
('tp_as_number', c_void_p),
('tp_as_sequence', c_void_p),
('tp_as_mapping', c_void_p),
('tp_hash', c_void_p),
('tp_call', c_void_p),
('tp_str', c_void_p),
('tp_getattro', c_void_p),
('tp_setattro', c_void_p),
('tp_as_buffer', c_void_p),
('tp_flags', c_long))
接下来,创建一个unsigned long
子类,并使用from_address
工厂为其创建PyTypeObject
。获取内置id
的地址,这是CPython特有的实现细节:
class c_ulong(_ctypes._SimpleCData):
_type_ = "L"
def __rshift__(self, other):
print '__rshift__', self, other
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value >> other)
c_ulong_type = PyTypeObject.from_address(id(c_ulong))
>>> a = c_ulong(16)
>>> b = c_ulong(2)
>>> a >> b
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) c_ulong(2L)
c_ulong(4L)
>>> a >> 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'int'
最后一步按预期失败。现在设置标志:
>>> c_ulong_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
>>> a >> 2
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) 2
c_ulong(4L)
问题解决了吗?但这是一个黑客。再次尝试使用__coerce__
。
__coerce__
class c_ulong(_ctypes._SimpleCData):
_type_ = "L"
def __rshift__(self, other):
print '__rshift__', self, other
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value >> other)
def __coerce__(self, other):
print '__coerce__', self, other
try:
return self, self.__class__(other)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
>>> a = c_ulong(16)
>>> b = c_ulong(2)
>>> a >> 2
__coerce__ c_ulong(16L) 2
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) c_ulong(2L)
c_ulong(4L)
>>> 16 >> b
__coerce__ c_ulong(2L) 16
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) c_ulong(2L)
c_ulong(4L)
当然,如果无法创建c_ulong
,则会失败,例如float
:
>>> a >> 2.0
__coerce__ c_ulong(16L) 2.0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'float'