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原始标题：内存泄漏打开文件＆lt; Python中128KB？

原始问题

我在运行Python脚本时看到了我认为的内存泄漏。这是我的剧本：

import sys
import time


class MyObj(object):
    def __init__(self, filename):
        with open(filename) as f:
            self.att = f.read()


def myfunc(filename):
    mylist = [MyObj(filename) for x in xrange(100)]
    len(mylist)
    return []


def main():
    filename = sys.argv[1]
    myfunc(filename)
    time.sleep(3600)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

主函数调用myfunc()，它创建一个包含每个打开的100个对象的列表读一个文件。从myfunc()返回后，我期待来自100项目列表的内存和从读取要释放的文件，因为它们不再被引用。但是，当我使用ps命令检查内存使用情况，Python进程使用大约10,000 KB 比从第12行和第13行注释掉的脚本运行的Python进程更多的内存。

奇怪的是，内存泄漏（如果它是什么）似乎只会发生对于文件＆lt; 128KB的大小。我创建了一个bash脚本来运行带有文件范围的脚本大小从1KB到200KB，当文件大小达到128KB时内存增加停止。这是bash脚本：

#!/bin/bash

echo "PID RSS S TTY TIME COMMAND" > output.txt

for i in `seq 1 200`;
do
    python debug_memory.py "data/stuff_${i}K.txt" &
    pid=$!
    sleep 0.1
    ps -e -O rss | grep $pid | grep -v grep >> output.txt
    kill $pid
done

以下是bash脚本的输出：

PID RSS S TTY TIME COMMAND
28471  5552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_1K.txt
28477  5656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_2K.txt
28483  5756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_3K.txt
28488  5852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_4K.txt
28494  5952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_5K.txt
28499  6052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_6K.txt
28505  6156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_7K.txt
28511  6256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_8K.txt
28516  6356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_9K.txt
28522  6452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_10K.txt
28527  6552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_11K.txt
28533  6656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_12K.txt
28539  6756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_13K.txt
28544  6852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_14K.txt
28550  6952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_15K.txt
28555  7056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_16K.txt
28561  7156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_17K.txt
28567  7252 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_18K.txt
28572  7356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_19K.txt
28578  7452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_20K.txt
28584  7556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_21K.txt
28589  7652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_22K.txt
28595  7756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_23K.txt
28600  7852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_24K.txt
28606  7952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_25K.txt
28612  8052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_26K.txt
28617  8152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_27K.txt
28623  8252 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_28K.txt
28629  8356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_29K.txt
28634  8452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_30K.txt
28640  8556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_31K.txt
28645  8656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_32K.txt
28651  8756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_33K.txt
28657  8856 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_34K.txt
28662  8956 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_35K.txt
28668  9056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_36K.txt
28674  9156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_37K.txt
28679  9256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_38K.txt
28685  9352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_39K.txt
28691  9452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_40K.txt
28696  9552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_41K.txt
28702  9656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_42K.txt
28707  9756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_43K.txt
28713  9852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_44K.txt
28719  9952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_45K.txt
28724 10052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_46K.txt
28730 10156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_47K.txt
28739 10256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_48K.txt
28746 10352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_49K.txt
28752 10452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_50K.txt
28757 10556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_51K.txt
28763 10656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_52K.txt
28769 10752 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_53K.txt
28774 10852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_54K.txt
28780 10952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_55K.txt
28786 11052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_56K.txt
28791 11152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_57K.txt
28797 11256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_58K.txt
28802 11356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_59K.txt
28808 11452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_60K.txt
28814 11556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_61K.txt
28819 11656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_62K.txt
28825 11752 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_63K.txt
28831 11852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_64K.txt
28836 11956 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_65K.txt
28842 12052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_66K.txt
28847 12152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_67K.txt
28853 12256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_68K.txt
28859 12356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_69K.txt
28864 12452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_70K.txt
28871 12556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_71K.txt
28877 12652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_72K.txt
28883 12756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_73K.txt
28889 12856 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_74K.txt
28894 12952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_75K.txt
28900 13056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_76K.txt
28906 13156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_77K.txt
28911 13256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_78K.txt
28917 13352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_79K.txt
28922 13452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_80K.txt
28928 13556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_81K.txt
28934 13652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_82K.txt
28939 13752 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_83K.txt
28945 13852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_84K.txt
28951 13952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_85K.txt
28956 14052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_86K.txt
28962 14152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_87K.txt
28967 14256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_88K.txt
28973 14352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_89K.txt
28979 14456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_90K.txt
28984 14552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_91K.txt
28990 14652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_92K.txt
28996 14756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_93K.txt
29001 14852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_94K.txt
29007 14956 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_95K.txt
29012 15052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_96K.txt
29018 15156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_97K.txt
29024 15252 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_98K.txt
29029 15360 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_99K.txt
29035 15456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_100K.txt
29040 15556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_101K.txt
29046 15652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_102K.txt
29052 15756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_103K.txt
29057 15852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_104K.txt
29063 15952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_105K.txt
29069 16056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_106K.txt
29074 16152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_107K.txt
29080 16256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_108K.txt
29085 16356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_109K.txt
29091 16452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_110K.txt
29097 16552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_111K.txt
29102 16652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_112K.txt
29108 16756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_113K.txt
29113 16852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_114K.txt
29119 16952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_115K.txt
29125 17056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_116K.txt
29130 17156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_117K.txt
29136 17256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_118K.txt
29141 17356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_119K.txt
29147 17452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_120K.txt
29153 17556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_121K.txt
29158 17656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_122K.txt
29164 17756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_123K.txt
29170 17856 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_124K.txt
29175 17952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_125K.txt
29181 18056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_126K.txt
29186 18152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_127K.txt
29192  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_128K.txt
29198  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_129K.txt
29203  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_130K.txt
29209  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_131K.txt
29215  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_132K.txt
29220  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_133K.txt
29226  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_134K.txt
29231  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_135K.txt
29237  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_136K.txt
29243  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_137K.txt
29248  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_138K.txt
29254  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_139K.txt
29260  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_140K.txt
29265  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_141K.txt
29271  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_142K.txt
29276  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_143K.txt
29282  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_144K.txt
29288  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_145K.txt
29293  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_146K.txt
29299  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_147K.txt
29305  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_148K.txt
29310  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_149K.txt
29316  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_150K.txt
29321  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_151K.txt
29327  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_152K.txt
29333  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_153K.txt
29338  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_154K.txt
29344  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_155K.txt
29349  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_156K.txt
29355  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_157K.txt
29361  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_158K.txt
29366  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_159K.txt
29372  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_160K.txt
29378  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_161K.txt
29383  5460 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_162K.txt
29389  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_163K.txt
29394  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_164K.txt
29400  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_165K.txt
29406  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_166K.txt
29411  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_167K.txt
29417  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_168K.txt
29423  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_169K.txt
29428  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_170K.txt
29434  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_171K.txt
29439  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_172K.txt
29445  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_173K.txt
29451  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_174K.txt
29456  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_175K.txt
29463  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_176K.txt
29483  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_177K.txt
29489  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_178K.txt
29496  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_179K.txt
29501  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_180K.txt
29507  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_181K.txt
29512  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_182K.txt
29518  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_183K.txt
29524  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_184K.txt
29529  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_185K.txt
29535  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_186K.txt
29541  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_187K.txt
29546  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_188K.txt
29552  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_189K.txt
29557  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_190K.txt
29563  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_191K.txt
29569  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_192K.txt
29574  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_193K.txt
29580  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_194K.txt
29586  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_195K.txt
29591  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_196K.txt
29597  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_197K.txt
29602  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_198K.txt
29608  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_199K.txt
29614  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_200K.txt

有人可以解释发生了什么吗？为什么我看到内存使用量增加何时使用文件＆lt; 128KB？

我的完整测试环境位于： https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/50f73358c7a84a504333ce9c4071b0f3537bbc0f

我在Ubuntu 12.04上运行Python 2.7.3。

更新1

此问题并非特定于使用文件＆lt; 128K的大小。我得到了同样的结果结果将object属性设置为与读取的大小相同的值文件。这是更新的代码：

import sys
import time


class MyObj(object):
    def __init__(self, size_kb):
        self.att = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024


def myfunc(size_kb):
    mylist = [MyObj(size_kb) for x in xrange(100)]
    len(mylist)
    return []


def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]
    myfunc(size_kb)
    time.sleep(3600)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

运行此脚本会产生类似的结果。更新的测试环境位于： https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/59b7ff61134dfc11c4195e9201b2c1728ed4fcce

更新2

我通过以下方式简化了我的测试脚本：1。删除类并简单地创建字符串列表2.删除myfunc()并使用del删除mylist对象

import sys
import time

def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]

    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mylist.append(mystr)

    del mylist

    time.sleep(3600)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

我的简化脚本也提供了与原版相似的结果。但是，如果我不创建单独的字符串变量，我就看不到了记忆增加。这是不创建的脚本增加记忆力：

import sys
import time

def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]

    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mylist.append(' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024)

    del mylist

    time.sleep(3600)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

更新的测试环境位于： https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/423ca6a50dccbe32572a9d0dea1068ddcb06663b

更多问题：

其他人可以重现我的结果吗？
ps预计会看到内存增加吗？

关于正在发生的事情的提示

我发现了一些关于＆＃34;免费列表和＃34;的有趣信息。看起来像他们可能与这个问题有关：

从上一个链接：

为了加速内存分配（和重用），Python为小对象使用了许多列表。每个列表将包含相似大小的对象

确实：如果一个项目（大小为x）被释放（由于缺少引用而被释放），它的位置不会返回到Python的全局内存池（甚至更少到系统），而只是标记为空闲并添加到免费的x项目清单。

如果永远不会释放小对象内存，那么不可避免的结论是，像金鱼一样，这些小对象列表只会保持增长，永不缩小，并且应用程序的内存占用量由分配的最大数量的小对象控制在任何给定的点上。

更新3

我过度简化了Update 2中的代码。最后添加了行del mystr 脚本释放了内存。（见：https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/blob/dd058e4774802cae7cbfca520fb835ea46b645e8/debug_memory_leaks.py）

我更新了脚本以使其足够复杂以证明问题。以下代码中仍存在此问题。最新的代码/环境位于：https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/fc0c8ce9ba621cb86b6abb93adf1b297a7c0230b

import gc
import sys
import time


def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]

    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mydict = {'mykey': mystr}
        mylist.append(mydict)

    del mystr
    del mydict
    del mylist

    gc.collect()

    time.sleep(3600)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

我还运行了脚本是其他一些环境。奇怪的结果是在一个干净的virtualenv内运行。在这种情况下，内存下降发生在260KB而不是128KB。见https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/52fbd5d57ff45affdcd70623ddb74fa1f1ffbbc2

环境：

Ubuntu 12.04 64位，系统Python 2.7.3：原始运行
Ubuntu 12.04 64位，Python 3.3.0源代码编译：类似结果
Scientific Linux 6 64位，Python 2.6.6：类似结果
Ubuntu 12.04 64位，来自virtualenv的Python 2.7.3：内存丢失发生在260KB而不是128KB

更多参考资料：

http://revista.python.org.ar/2/en/html/memory-fragmentation.html
http://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory.html
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2004-October/049480.html（注：这是2004年起）
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2006-March/061991.html
http://www.evanjones.ca/memoryallocator/
http://www.evanjones.ca/memory-allocator.pdf
http://hg.python.org/releasing/2.7.3/file/7bb96963d067/Objects/obmalloc.c

在阅读其中一些内容之后，我看到了一个＆＃34;竞技场大小＆＃34; 256KB。也许那是相关的？

更新4（解决得非常多）

schlenk uncovered the reason the memory usage drops off at 128KB。 128KB是＆＃34;内存分配功能＆＃34; （malloc的？）使用mmap而不是使用sbrk增加程序中断。有趣的是，阈值可以通过环境变量来改变。我运行了一个测试，将MALLOC_MMAP_THRESHOLD_环境变量设置为不同的值和内存使用量的下降匹配该值。在这里查看结果： https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/blob/97d93cd165a139a6b6f96720de63a92561dd2f05/output_debug_memory_leaks.py.txt

我仍然想知道它是否预期我的脚本的行为用于字符串值的泄漏内存＆lt; 128KB。

更多链接：

注意：根据最后两个链接，有一个性能（速度）命中使用mmap而不是sbrk。

Answer 1

您可能只是点击了linux内存分配器的默认行为。

基本上Linux有两种分配策略，sbrk（）用于小块内存，mmap（）用于较大块。 sbrk（）分配的内存块不能轻易返回到系统，而基于mmap（）的内存块可以（只是取消映射页面）。

因此，如果您分配的内存块大于libc中malloc（）分配器决定在sbrk（）和mmap（）之间切换的值，则会看到此效果。请参阅mallopt（）调用，尤其是MMAP_THRESHOLD（http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/mallopt.3.html）。

<强>更新回答你的额外问题：是的，如果内存分配器的工作方式类似于Linux上的libc，那么预计会以这种方式泄漏内存。如果您使用的是Windows LowFragmentationHeap，它可能不会泄漏，类似于AIX，具体取决于配置的malloc。也许其他分配器之一（tcmalloc等）也解决了这些问题。 sbrk（）速度极快，但存在内存碎片问题。 CPython无法做很多事情，因为它没有压缩的垃圾收集器，而是简单的引用计数。

Python提供了一些减少缓冲区分配的方法，例如参见博客文章：http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2011/11/28/less-copies-in-python-with-the-buffer-protocol-and-memoryviews/

Answer 2

我会研究垃圾收集。可能更大的文件更频繁地触发垃圾收集，但是小文件被释放但总体上保持在某个阈值。具体来说，调用gc.collect（）然后在对象上调用gc.get_referrers（）以希望揭示保持实例的内容。请参阅此处的Python文档：

http://docs.python.org/2/library/gc.html?highlight=gc#gc.get_referrers

更新

该问题与垃圾收集，命名空间和引用计数有关。您发布的bash脚本提供了一个相当狭窄的垃圾收集器行为视图。尝试更大的范围，您将看到某些范围将占用多少内存的模式。例如，将bash for循环更改为更大的范围，例如：seq 0 16 2056。

您注意到del mystr因为删除了任何引用而导致内存使用量减少。如果你将mystr变量限制为它自己的函数，可能会发生类似的结果：

def loopy():
    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mydict = {x: mystr}
        mylist.append(mydict)
    return mylist

我认为您可以使用内存分析器获取更多有用的信息，而不是使用bash脚本。以下是使用Pympler的几个示例。第一个版本与Update 3中的代码类似：

import gc
import sys
import time
from pympler import tracker

tr = tracker.SummaryTracker()
print 'begin:'
tr.print_diff()

size_kb = sys.argv[1]

mylist = []
mydict = {}

print 'empty list & dict:'
tr.print_diff()

for x in xrange(100):
    mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
    mydict = {x: mystr}
    mylist.append(mydict)

print 'after for loop:'
tr.print_diff()

del mystr
del mydict
del mylist

print 'after deleting stuff:'
tr.print_diff()

collected = gc.collect()
print 'after garbage collection (collected: %d):' % collected
tr.print_diff()

time.sleep(2)
print 'took a short nap after all that work:'
tr.print_diff()

mylist = []
print 'create an empty list for some reason:'
tr.print_diff()

输出：

$ python mem_test.py 256
begin:
                  types |   # objects |    total size
======================= | =========== | =============
                   list |         957 |      97.44 KB
                    str |         951 |      53.65 KB
                    int |         118 |       2.77 KB
     wrapper_descriptor |           8 |     640     B
                weakref |           3 |     264     B
      member_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
      getset_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
  function (store_info) |           1 |     120     B
                   cell |           2 |     112     B
         instancemethod |          -1 |     -80     B
       _sre.SRE_Pattern |          -2 |    -176     B
                  tuple |          -1 |    -216     B
                   dict |           2 |   -1744     B
empty list & dict:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           2 |    168     B
    str |           2 |     97     B
    int |           1 |     24     B
after for loop:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
    str |           1 |    256.04 KB
   list |           0 |    848     B
after deleting stuff:
  types |   # objects |      total size
======= | =========== | ===============
   list |          -1 |      -920     B
    str |          -1 |   -262181     B
after garbage collection (collected: 0):
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
took a short nap after all that work:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
create an empty list for some reason:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           1 |     72     B

请注意，在for循环之后，str类的总大小为256 KB，与我传递给它的参数基本相同。在del mystr中明确删除对mystr的引用后，内存被释放。在此之后，垃圾已被拾取，因此在gc.collect()之后没有进一步减少。

下一个版本使用函数为字符串创建不同的命名空间。

import gc
import sys
import time
from pympler import tracker

def loopy():
    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mydict = {x: mystr}
        mylist.append(mydict)
    return mylist


tr = tracker.SummaryTracker()
print 'begin:'
tr.print_diff()

size_kb = sys.argv[1]

mylist = loopy()

print 'after for loop:'
tr.print_diff()

del mylist

print 'after deleting stuff:'
tr.print_diff()

collected = gc.collect()
print 'after garbage collection (collected: %d):' % collected
tr.print_diff()

time.sleep(2)
print 'took a short nap after all that work:'
tr.print_diff()

mylist = []
print 'create an empty list for some reason:'
tr.print_diff()

最后是这个版本的输出：

$ python mem_test_2.py 256
begin:
                  types |   # objects |    total size
======================= | =========== | =============
                   list |         958 |      97.53 KB
                    str |         952 |      53.70 KB
                    int |         118 |       2.77 KB
     wrapper_descriptor |           8 |     640     B
                weakref |           3 |     264     B
      member_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
      getset_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
  function (store_info) |           1 |     120     B
                   cell |           2 |     112     B
         instancemethod |          -1 |     -80     B
       _sre.SRE_Pattern |          -2 |    -176     B
                  tuple |          -1 |    -216     B
                   dict |           2 |   -1744     B
after for loop:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           2 |   1016     B
    str |           2 |     97     B
    int |           1 |     24     B
after deleting stuff:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |          -1 |   -920     B
after garbage collection (collected: 0):
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
took a short nap after all that work:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
create an empty list for some reason:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           1 |     72     B

现在，我们不必清理str，我认为这个例子说明了为什么使用函数是一个好主意。生成代码，其中一个命名空间中有一个大块实际上阻止垃圾收集器执行它的工作。它不会进入你的房子，并开始假设事情是垃圾:)它必须知道收集的东西是安全的。

Evan Jones link非常有趣。

使用字符串时内存泄漏＆lt; Python中128KB？

原始标题：内存泄漏打开文件＆lt; Python中128KB？

原始问题

更新1

更新2

关于正在发生的事情的提示

更新3

更新4（解决得非常多）

2 个答案:

更新