使用write或async-safe函数从信号处理程序中打印int

时间:2013-01-28 23:13:12

标签: c signals async-safe

我想在信号处理程序内使用write(或任何异步安全函数)将数字打印到日志或终端中。我宁愿不使用缓冲I / O.

有没有一种简单易行的方法可以做到这一点?

例如,代替printf,我更喜欢write(或任何asyn安全功能)。

void signal_handler(int sig)
{
  pid_t pid;
  int stat;
  int old_errno = errno;

  while((pid = waitpid(-1, &stat, WNOHANG)) > 0)
    printf("child %d terminated\n", pid);

  errno = old_errno;
  return;
}

打印字符串很简单。代替上面printf我可以使用(不打印pid):

write(STDOUT_FILENO, "child terminated", 16);

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:7)

如果你真的坚持从信号处理程序进行打印,你基本上有两个选择:

  1. 除了您为处理信号而创建的专用线程外,阻止信号。这个特殊的线程可以简单地执行for (;;) pause();,因为pause是异步信号安全的,所以允许信号处理程序使用它想要的任何函数;它不仅限于异步信号安全功能。另一方面,它必须以线程安全的方式访问共享资源,因为您现在正在处理线程。

  2. 编写自己的代码,将整数转换为十进制字符串。这只是一个简单的循环,使用%10/10剥离最后一个数字并将它们存储到一个短数组中。

  3. 但是,我强烈建议您使用self-pipe trick或类似功能从信号处理程序中取出此操作。

答案 1 :(得分:0)

实施自己的异步信号安全snprintf("%d并使用write

How to convert an int to string in C?并没有我想象的那么糟。

下面的POSIX程序计算出到目前为止接收到SIGINT的次数,您可以使用Ctrl + C触发该次数。

您可以使用Ctrl + \(SIGQUIT)退出程序。

main.c:

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
#include <assert.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

/* Calculate the minimal buffer size for a given type.
 *
 * Here we overestimate and reserve 8 chars per byte.
 *
 * With this size we could even print a binary string.
 *
 * - +1 for NULL terminator
 * - +1 for '-' sign
 *
 * A tight limit for base 10 can be found at:
 * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8257714/how-to-convert-an-int-to-string-in-c/32871108#32871108
 *
 * TODO: get tight limits for all bases, possibly by looking into
 * glibc's atoi: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/190229/where-is-the-itoa-function-in-linux/52127877#52127877
 */
#define ITOA_SAFE_STRLEN(type) sizeof(type) * CHAR_BIT + 2

/* async-signal-safe implementation of integer to string conversion.
 *
 * Null terminates the output string.
 *
 * The input buffer size must be large enough to contain the output,
 * the caller must calculate it properly.
 *
 * @param[out] value  Input integer value to convert.
 * @param[out] result Buffer to output to.
 * @param[in]  base   Base to convert to.
 * @return     Pointer to the end of the written string.
 */
char *itoa_safe(intmax_t value, char *result, int base) {
    intmax_t tmp_value;
    char *ptr, *ptr2, tmp_char;
    if (base < 2 || base > 36) {
        return NULL;
    }

    ptr = result;
    do {
        tmp_value = value;
        value /= base;
        *ptr++ = "ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA9876543210123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"[35 + (tmp_value - value * base)];
    } while (value);
    if (tmp_value < 0)
        *ptr++ = '-';
    ptr2 = result;
    result = ptr;
    *ptr-- = '\0';
    while (ptr2 < ptr) {
        tmp_char = *ptr;
        *ptr--= *ptr2;
        *ptr2++ = tmp_char;
    }
    return result;
}

volatile sig_atomic_t global = 0;

void signal_handler(int sig) {
    char buf[ITOA_SAFE_STRLEN(sig_atomic_t)];
    enum { base = 10 };
    char *end;
    end = itoa_safe(global, buf, base);
    *end = '\n';
    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, end - buf + 1);
    global += 1;
    signal(sig, signal_handler);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    /* Unit test itoa_safe. */
    {
        typedef struct {
            intmax_t n;
            int base;
            char out[1024];
        } InOut;
        char result[1024];
        size_t i;
        InOut io;
        InOut ios[] = {
            /* Base 10. */
            {0, 10, "0"},
            {1, 10, "1"},
            {9, 10, "9"},
            {10, 10, "10"},
            {100, 10, "100"},
            {-1, 10, "-1"},
            {-9, 10, "-9"},
            {-10, 10, "-10"},
            {-100, 10, "-100"},

            /* Base 2. */
            {0, 2, "0"},
            {1, 2, "1"},
            {10, 2, "1010"},
            {100, 2, "1100100"},
            {-1, 2, "-1"},
            {-100, 2, "-1100100"},

            /* Base 35. */
            {0, 35, "0"},
            {1, 35, "1"},
            {34, 35, "Y"},
            {35, 35, "10"},
            {100, 35, "2U"},
            {-1, 35, "-1"},
            {-34, 35, "-Y"},
            {-35, 35, "-10"},
            {-100, 35, "-2U"},
        };
        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(ios)/sizeof(ios[0]); ++i) {
            io = ios[i];
            itoa_safe(io.n, result, io.base);
            if (strcmp(result, io.out)) {
                printf("%ju %d %s\n", io.n, io.base, io.out);
                assert(0);
            }
        }
    }

    /* Handle the signals. */
    if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[1], "1")) {
        signal(SIGINT, signal_handler);
        while(1);
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

编译并运行:

gcc -std=c99 -Wall -Wextra -o main main.c
./main 1

按Ctrl + C 15次后,终端显示:

^C0
^C1
^C2
^C3
^C4
^C5
^C6
^C7
^C8
^C9
^C10
^C11
^C12
^C13
^C14

这是一个相关的程序,它创建一个更复杂的格式字符串:How to avoid using printf in a signal handler?

在Ubuntu 18.04上测试。 GitHub upstream

答案 2 :(得分:-1)

如果您坚持在信号处理程序中使用xprintf(),您可以随时滚动自己的版本,而不依赖于缓冲的I / O:

#include <stdarg.h> /* vsnprintf() */

void myprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...)
{
char buff[512];
int rc,fd;
va_list argh;
va_start (argh, fmt);

rc = vsnprintf(buff, sizeof buff, fmt, argh);
if (rc < 0  || rc >= sizeof buff) {
        rc = sprintf(buff, "Argh!: %d:\n", rc);
        }

if (!fp) fp = stderr;
fd = fileno(fp);
if (fd < 0) return;
if (rc > 0)  write(fd, buff, rc);
return;
}