我知道我可以使用substr()
来获得字符串中第一个n
个字符。但是,我想删除最后几个字符。使用-2
或-3
作为C中的结束位置是否有效,就像我在Python中可以这样做一样?
答案 0 :(得分:8)
您可以简单地将空终止字符放在您希望字符串结束的位置,如下所示:
int main()
{
char s[] = "I am a string";
int len = strlen(s);
s[len-3] = '\0';
printf("%s\n",s);
}
这会给你:
“我是一个str”
答案 1 :(得分:5)
C与Python不同;字符串索引不是“聪明的”。说str[-3]
字面意思是“开头前三个字节的字符”;访问此内存是未定义的行为。
如果你想将字符串的最后几个字符作为另一个字符串,那么获得指向你想要的第一个字符的指针就足够了:
char *endstr = str + (strlen(str) - 3); // get last 3 characters of the string
如果您想删除最后几个字符,只需将第k个字符设置为空(\0
)即可:
str[strlen(str)-3] = 0; // delete last three characters
答案 2 :(得分:5)
这是substr()
函数的可能实现,包括测试代码。请注意,测试代码不会超出边界 - 缓冲区长度短于请求的字符串或缓冲区长度为零。
#include <string.h>
extern void substr(char *buffer, size_t buflen, char const *source, int len);
/*
** Given substr(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "string", len), then the output
** in buffer for different values of len is:
** For positive values of len:
** 0 ""
** 1 "s"
** 2 "st"
** ...
** 6 "string"
** 7 "string"
** ...
** For negative values of len:
** -1 "g"
** -2 "ng"
** ...
** -6 "string"
** -7 "string"
** ...
** Subject to buffer being long enough.
** If buffer is too short, the empty string is set (unless buflen is 0,
** in which case, everything is left untouched).
*/
void substr(char *buffer, size_t buflen, char const *source, int len)
{
size_t srclen = strlen(source);
size_t nbytes = 0;
size_t offset = 0;
size_t sublen;
if (buflen == 0) /* Can't write anything anywhere */
return;
if (len > 0)
{
sublen = len;
nbytes = (sublen > srclen) ? srclen : sublen;
offset = 0;
}
else if (len < 0)
{
sublen = -len;
nbytes = (sublen > srclen) ? srclen : sublen;
offset = srclen - nbytes;
}
if (nbytes >= buflen)
nbytes = 0;
if (nbytes > 0)
memmove(buffer, source + offset, nbytes);
buffer[nbytes] = '\0';
}
#ifdef TEST
#include <stdio.h>
struct test_case
{
const char *source;
int length;
const char *result;
};
static struct test_case tests[] =
{
{ "string", 0, "" },
{ "string", +1, "s" },
{ "string", +2, "st" },
{ "string", +3, "str" },
{ "string", +4, "stri" },
{ "string", +5, "strin" },
{ "string", +6, "string" },
{ "string", +7, "string" },
{ "string", -1, "g" },
{ "string", -2, "ng" },
{ "string", -3, "ing" },
{ "string", -4, "ring" },
{ "string", -5, "tring" },
{ "string", -6, "string" },
{ "string", -7, "string" },
};
enum { NUM_TESTS = sizeof(tests) / sizeof(tests[0]) };
int main(void)
{
int pass = 0;
int fail = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TESTS; i++)
{
char buffer[20];
substr(buffer, sizeof(buffer), tests[i].source, tests[i].length);
if (strcmp(buffer, tests[i].result) == 0)
{
printf("== PASS == %2d: substr(buffer, %zu, \"%s\", %d) = \"%s\"\n",
i, sizeof(buffer), tests[i].source, tests[i].length, buffer);
pass++;
}
else
{
printf("!! FAIL !! %2d: substr(buffer, %zu, \"%s\", %d) wanted \"%s\" actual \"%s\"\n",
i, sizeof(buffer), tests[i].source, tests[i].length, tests[i].result, buffer);
fail++;
}
}
if (fail == 0)
{
printf("== PASS == %d tests passed\n", NUM_TESTS);
return(0);
}
else
{
printf("!! FAIL !! %d tests out of %d failed\n", fail, NUM_TESTS);
return(1);
}
}
#endif /* TEST */
函数声明应该在适当的标题中。变量sublen
有助于代码在:
gcc -O3 -g -std=c99 -Wall -Wextra -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes \
-Wold-style-definition -Werror -DTEST substr.c -o substr
测试输出:
== PASS == 0: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 0) = ""
== PASS == 1: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 1) = "s"
== PASS == 2: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 2) = "st"
== PASS == 3: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 3) = "str"
== PASS == 4: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 4) = "stri"
== PASS == 5: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 5) = "strin"
== PASS == 6: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 6) = "string"
== PASS == 7: substr(buffer, 20, "string", 7) = "string"
== PASS == 8: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -1) = "g"
== PASS == 9: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -2) = "ng"
== PASS == 10: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -3) = "ing"
== PASS == 11: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -4) = "ring"
== PASS == 12: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -5) = "tring"
== PASS == 13: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -6) = "string"
== PASS == 14: substr(buffer, 20, "string", -7) = "string"
== PASS == 15 tests passed
为什么这不起作用:
memcpy(new_string, old_string, strlen(old_string) - 3; &new_string[strlen(old_string) - 3] = '\0'
假设new_string
和old_string
都是char
指针和strlen(old_string) > 3
?
假设您删除&
,插入缺少的)
和;
,指针指向有效的非重叠位置,并且满足长度条件,则应该可以用于将旧字符串中除了最后3个字符之外的所有字符复制到新字符串中,因为您可以通过将其嵌入到某些测试代码中进行测试。它并不试图处理复制旧字符串的最后三个字符,这是问题主要似乎要问的问题。
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char new_string[32] = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";
char old_string[] = "string";
memcpy(new_string, old_string, strlen(old_string) - 3);
new_string[strlen(old_string) - 3] = '\0';
printf("<<%s>> <<%s>>\n", old_string, new_string);
return(0);
}
输出:
<<string>> <<str>>
然而,要注意棘手的巧合;我选择了一个长6个字符的样本旧字符串,-3给出'长度-3'也等于3。要获取最后N个字符,您需要更多代码:
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int N = 3;
char new_string[32] = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";
char old_string[] = "dandelion";
int sublen = strlen(old_string) - N;
assert(sublen > 0);
memcpy(new_string, old_string + sublen, N);
new_string[N] = '\0';
printf("<<%s>> <<%s>>\n", old_string, new_string);
return(0);
}
输出:
<<dandelion>> <<ion>>
注意,编写像这样的小程序是很好的做法,并且可以是教育性的。编写大量代码是更好地编写代码的一种方法。
唯一需要注意的陷阱是,如果您正在测试“未定义的行为”,您只需从单个编译器获得响应,但其他编译器可能会生成行为不同的代码。这段代码没有运用未定义的行为,所以没关系。识别未定义的行为很棘手,因此您可以部分忽略此注释,但请确保使用编译器上的严格警告选项进行编译,这些选项可以帮助您识别未定义的行为。
我在一个名为vignettes
的目录中提供了一些示例程序(在源代码管理下);如果我认为将来可能会再次需要它,那么它们就是一些程序,它们可以说明我可以参考的技术。他们是完整的;他们工作; (它们比这些具体的例子更复杂,但是我用C编程的时间比你更长;)但它们是玩具 - 有用的玩具。
答案 3 :(得分:2)
不,你必须使用这样的strlen()来获取最后的字符。
substr(strlen(str)-4,3);
记住字符串是基于0的,所以这给你最后3个。
所以一般技术是
substr(strlen(str)-n-1,n);
(当然字符串必须长于n
)
如果你想获得最后3个使用它:
substr(0,strlen(str)-4);
或者一般
substr(0,strlen(str)-n-1);
答案 4 :(得分:0)
我注意到substr
不是标准的C函数,因此无法在C中使用它。因此,要通过消除最后几个字符来查找子字符串,可以使用memcpy(new_string, old_string, strlen(old_string) - 3)