TL / DR :在Visual Studio 2012 RC上使用发布设置进行编译时,大
std::vector<std::string>
如何实现如此快速的释放?
我编写了一个类strung
,其行为与std::string
类似,作为练习,实现了基本的复制和移动语义。
class strung
{
private:
size_t length_;
char* data_;
public:
// -------- Constructors --------
strung() : length_(0), data_(nullptr) {};
strung(const char* c_str)
{
length_ = strlen(c_str);
data_ = new char[length_];
::std::copy(c_str, c_str + length_, data_);
};
inline explicit strung(size_t length) : length_(length)
{
data_ = new char[length_];
};
strung(size_t length, char value) : length_(length)
{
data_ = new char[length_];
::std::fill(data_, data_ + length_, value);
};
// -------- Copy/move-constructors --------
strung(const strung& old)
{
data_ = new char[old.length_];
::std::copy(old.data_, old.data_ + old.length_, data_);
length_ = old.length_;
};
strung(strung&& old)
{
data_ = old.data_;
length_ = old.length_;
// Even though it is a rvalue, its destructor will still be called,
// so we would like to prevent our data from being freed.
old.data_ = nullptr;
};
// -------- Assignment operators --------
inline strung & operator =(const strung& old)
{
if (this != &old)
{
delete[] data_;
data_ = new char[old.length_];
::std::copy(old.data_, old.data_ + old.length_, data_);
length_ = old.length_;
}
return *this;
};
strung & operator =(strung&& old)
{
if (this != &old)
{
delete[] data_;
data_ = old.data_;
length_ = old.length_;
old.data_ = nullptr;
}
return *this;
};
// -------- Array operators (no bounds checking by design) --------
inline char& operator[](size_t pos)
{
return data_[pos];
};
inline const char& operator[](size_t pos) const
{
return data_[pos];
};
// -------- Insertion operator for `ostream`s --------
inline friend ::std::ostream &operator<<(::std::ostream &out, const strung& source)
{
out.write(source.data_, source.length_);
return out;
};
// -------- Various functions --------
inline const size_t length() const
{
return length_;
}
// -------- Poor man's iterators --------
char* begin()
{
return data_;
};
char* end()
{
return data_ + length_;
};
// -------- Destructor --------
inline ~strung()
{
delete[] data_;
};
};
我尝试使用以下代码比较std::string
和strung
的效果:
double time(const std::function<void(void)> &func)
{
using namespace std::chrono;
auto t1 = high_resolution_clock::now();
func();
auto total = duration_cast<nanoseconds>(high_resolution_clock::now()-t1);
return static_cast<double>(total.count()) / 1000000.;
}
template<typename T>
void test(const int num)
{
double allocation_time, full_time;
full_time = time([&] {
std::vector<T> container;
allocation_time = time([&] {
container.reserve(num);
for (int i=0; i < num; i++)
{
container.emplace_back(rand() % 10 + 1,'\0');
for (char &chr : container.back())
chr = ('A' + rand() % ('Z' - 'A' + 1) );
}
});
});
std::cout << "Full time: " << full_time << " miliseconds" << std::endl
<< "Allocation time: " << allocation_time << " miliseconds" << std::endl
<< "Deallocation time: " << full_time - allocation_time << " miliseconds" << std::endl;
}
int main()
{
std::cout << "-------- std::string --------" << std::endl;
test<std::string>(500000);
std::cout << "-------- strung --------" << std::endl;
test<strung>(500000);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
这些是结果:
调试(x86-64)
-------- std::string --------
Full time: 51050.9 miliseconds
Allocation time: 1853.11 miliseconds
Deallocation time: 49197.8 miliseconds
-------- strung --------
Full time: 52404 miliseconds
Allocation time: 4886.28 miliseconds
Deallocation time: 47517.7 miliseconds
发布(x86-64):
-------- std::string --------
Full time: 113.007 miliseconds
Allocation time: 107.006 miliseconds
Deallocation time: 6.0004 miliseconds
-------- strung --------
Full time: 47771.7 miliseconds
Allocation time: 356.02 miliseconds
Deallocation time: 47415.7 miliseconds
分配速度是可以理解的,因为我没有对类进行太多优化,但是释放速度更有趣。
对Debug设置进行测试表明,std::string
和strung
的释放同样复杂(虽然仍然非常慢),但对Release设置的测试会使std::string
的释放非常快,虽然strung
保持完全相同。考虑到std::string
的析构函数几乎是微不足道的,strung
可以做什么来实现这种快速释放。
起初我认为std::string
被优化为nop,因此根本不执行释放,但是当我删除strung
的析构函数时,后者仍然快得多,所以这是可能不是一个案例。
我希望我的释放速度很快,那么我要做的是如何实现类似的释放速度呢?
答案 0 :(得分:12)
Microsoft的std::string
实现使用了一种称为“小字符串优化”的东西。这意味着std::string
实际上包含一个15个字符的字符串(char[16]
)。如果给出的字符串短于16个字符,则将其存储在该内部存储器中。因此在这些情况下没有动态内存分配。
您的strung
始终动态分配字符串。这意味着它的析构函数将始终解除分配。 std::string
,如果足够小,也不会这样做。