使用主键更改Column数据类型

时间:2012-06-20 11:30:32

标签: sql sql-server-2008 primary-key

我在80多个不同的表中有一个ReferenceID varchar(6)列。在需要分配ID的政府机构实施更改后,我需要将此扩展到整个数据库中的varchar(8)。

我希望声明一个游标来获取表名,如下所示:

DECLARE @TableName AS VARCHAR(200)
DECLARE TableCursor CURSOR LOCAL READ_ONLY FOR
SELECT t.name AS TableName
    FROM sys.columns c
        JOIN sys.tables t ON c.object_id = t.object_id
    WHERE c.name = 'ReferenceID'

OPEN TableCursor
    FETCH NEXT FROM TableCursor 
    INTO @TableName

然后按如下方式编辑类型:

ALTER TABLE @TableName ALTER COLUMN ReferenceID VARCHAR(8)

这会失败,因为该列是某些表中主键的一部分(PK中包含的列因表而异)。

我真的不想为每个表手动删除并重新创建每个PK。

在游标中,有没有办法在更改数据类型之前禁用PK然后重新启用它,或者在更改数据类型的任何一侧删除并重新创建PK,同时记住PK将依赖于我们目前正在看哪个表?

4 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:6)

您需要在NOT NULL中明确指定ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN,否则默认允许NULL。 PK列中不允许这样做。

以下工作正常。

CREATE TABLE p
(
ReferenceID VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
)

INSERT INTO p VALUES ('AAAAAA')

ALTER TABLE p ALTER COLUMN ReferenceID VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL

当省略NOT NULL时,会出现以下错误

Msg 5074, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
The object 'PK__p__E1A99A792180FB33' is dependent on column 'ReferenceID'.
Msg 4922, Level 16, State 9, Line 1
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN ReferenceID failed because one or more objects access this column.

您的程序化方法需要考虑的几件事情是 需要暂时删除引用ReferenceID列的任何外键,并确保不包含{ {1}}表示当前 可以为空的(非PK)NOT NULL列。

答案 1 :(得分:3)

编辑如果你有一个混乱的varchar(6)和char(6)列的混乱数据库需要这个解决方案,这个数据库的开发时间超过10年(政府政策的变化很大)导致任何“良好的数据库设计”的尝试最终崩溃。) 结束编辑

对于那些说我必须放弃并重建PK的人,你是对的。索引和外键也需要删除和重新创建。

幸运的是,有一些可管理的索引和FK,因此我将这些作为“例外”处理,并在脚本开头一次一个地删除它们,然后一次一个地重新添加它们,在脚本的末尾(参见下面/ * * /中的两个部分)。

然后,SQL脚本的主体会将有关FK的完整详细信息提示到临时表中,然后遍历每个表名,删除FK,更改数据类型,重新添加FK。

汇编的SQL字符串在下面的脚本中是PRINTed。如果您打算重复使用此项(不提供任何保证,等等,请等等),请将这些评论从执行时间降低50%。

SET NOCOUNT ON

/* Handle exceptional tables here
 * Remove indexes and foreign keys
 * --Lots of "IF EXISTS ... ALTER TABLE <name> DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>, etc.
 */

--Declare variables
DECLARE @SQL                    VARCHAR(8000)
DECLARE @TableName              VARCHAR(512)
DECLARE @ConstraintName         VARCHAR(512)
DECLARE @tColumn                VARCHAR(512)
DECLARE @Columns                VARCHAR(8000)
DECLARE @IsDescending           BIT

--Set up temporary table
SELECT
    tbl.[schema_id],
    tbl.name AS TableName,
    i.NAME AS IndexName,
    i.type_desc,
    c.[column],
    c.key_ordinal,
    c.is_desc,
    i.[object_id],
    s.no_recompute,
    i.[ignore_dup_key],
    i.[allow_row_locks],
    i.[allow_page_locks],
    i.[fill_factor],
    dsi.type,
    dsi.name AS DataSpaceName
INTO #PKBackup
FROM 
    sys.tables AS tbl
    INNER JOIN sys.indexes AS i
        ON (
            i.index_id > 0
            AND i.is_hypothetical = 0
        )
        AND ( i.[object_id] = tbl.[object_id] )
    INNER JOIN (
        SELECT
            ic.[object_id] ,
            c.[name] [column] ,
            ic.is_descending_key [is_desc],
            ic.key_ordinal
        FROM
            sys.index_columns ic
            INNER JOIN
                sys.indexes i
                ON
                i.[object_id] = ic.[object_id]
                AND
                i.index_id = 1
                AND
                ic.index_id = 1
            INNER JOIN
                sys.tables t
                ON
                t.[object_id] = ic.[object_id]
            INNER JOIN
                sys.columns c
                ON
                c.[object_id] = t.[object_id]
                AND
                c.column_id = ic.column_id
        ) AS c
        ON c.[object_id] = i.[object_id]
    LEFT OUTER JOIN
        sys.key_constraints AS k
        ON
        k.parent_object_id = i.[object_id]
        AND
        k.unique_index_id = i.index_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN
        sys.data_spaces AS dsi
        ON
        dsi.data_space_id = i.data_space_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN
        sys.xml_indexes AS xi
        ON
        xi.[object_id] = i.[object_id]
        AND
        xi.index_id = i.index_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN
        sys.stats AS s
        ON
        s.stats_id = i.index_id
        AND
        s.[object_id] = i.[object_id]
WHERE
    k.TYPE = 'PK'

DECLARE TableCursor CURSOR LOCAL READ_ONLY FOR
    SELECT t.name AS TableName
    FROM sys.columns c
        JOIN sys.tables t ON c.object_id = t.object_id
    WHERE
        c.name = 'ReferenceID'

OPEN TableCursor
    FETCH NEXT FROM TableCursor 
    INTO @TableName

WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
    PRINT('--Updating ' + @TableName + '...')

    SELECT @ConstraintName = PK.CONSTRAINT_NAME
    FROM
        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS PK
    WHERE
        PK.TABLE_NAME = @TableName
        AND
        PK.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'

--drop the constraint
    --Some tables don't have a PK defined, only do the next bit if they do
    IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM #PKBackup PK WHERE PK.TableName = @TableName) > 0
    BEGIN
        SET @SQL = 'ALTER TABLE @TableName DROP CONSTRAINT @ConstraintName'
        SET @SQL = REPLACE(@SQL, '@TableName', @TableName)
        SET @SQL = REPLACE(@SQL, '@ConstraintName', @ConstraintName)
        PRINT @SQL
        EXEC (@SQL)
    END
--This is where we actually change the datatype of the column
    SET @SQL = 'ALTER TABLE @TableName ALTER COLUMN ReferenceID VARCHAR(8)' + (SELECT CASE WHEN C.Is_Nullable = 'NO' THEN ' NOT NULL' ELSE '' END
        FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS C
        WHERE C.TABLE_NAME = @TableName AND C.COLUMN_NAME = 'ReferenceID')
    SET @SQL = REPLACE(@SQL, '@TableName', @TableName)

    PRINT(@SQL)
    EXEC(@SQL)

--Recreate the constraint
    --Some tables don't have a PK defined, only do the next bit if they do
    IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM #PKBackup PK WHERE PK.TableName = @TableName) > 0
    BEGIN
    --First set up @SQL template
    SELECT @SQL =   'ALTER TABLE [' + SCHEMA_NAME(PK.schema_id) + '].[' + PK.TableName
                    + '] ADD CONSTRAINT [' + PK.IndexName
                    + '] PRIMARY KEY ' + Type_desc + ' ( @Columns ) WITH '
                    + '( PAD_INDEX = ' + CASE   WHEN CAST(INDEXPROPERTY(pk.[object_id], PK.IndexName, N'IsPadIndex') AS BIT) = 0 THEN 'OFF'
                                                ELSE 'ON'
                                            END + ', '
                    + 'STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = ' + CASE    WHEN pk.no_recompute = 0 THEN 'OFF'
                                                            ELSE 'ON'
                                                        END
                    + ', SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, '
                    + 'IGNORE_DUP_KEY = ' + CASE    WHEN pk.[ignore_dup_key] = 0 THEN 'OFF'
                                                    ELSE 'ON'
                                                END + ', '
                    + 'ONLINE = OFF, '
                    + 'ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ' + CASE   WHEN pk.allow_row_locks = 0 THEN 'OFF'
                                                    ELSE 'ON'
                                                END + ', '
                    + 'ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ' + CASE  WHEN pk.allow_page_locks = 0 THEN 'OFF'
                                                    ELSE 'ON'
                                                END + ', '
                    + 'FILLFACTOR = ' + CASE    WHEN pk.[fill_factor] = 0 THEN '100'
                                                ELSE CONVERT(NVARCHAR, pk.[fill_factor])
                                            END + ' '
                    + ') ON [' + CASE   WHEN 'FG' = pk.[type] THEN pk.DataSpaceName
                                        ELSE N''
                                    END + ']'
    FROM
    #PKBackup PK WHERE PK.TableName = @TableName

    SET @SQL = REPLACE(@SQL, '@TableName', @TableName)
    SET @SQL = REPLACE(@SQL, '@ConstraintName', @ConstraintName)

    --Second, build up @Columns
    SET @Columns = ' '
    DECLARE ColumnCursor CURSOR LOCAL READ_ONLY FOR
        SELECT pk.[column], PK.is_desc
            FROM #PKBackup PK 
            WHERE PK.TableName = @TableName
            ORDER BY PK.key_ordinal ASC

    OPEN ColumnCursor
        FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnCursor 
        INTO @tColumn, @IsDescending

    WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
    BEGIN
        SET @Columns = @Columns + @tColumn + CASE WHEN @IsDescending = 1 THEN ' DESC, ' ELSE ' ASC, ' END

        --Get the next TableName
        FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnCursor 
        INTO @tColumn, @IsDescending
    END

    --Tidy up
    CLOSE ColumnCursor
    DEALLOCATE ColumnCursor

    --Delete the last comma
    SET @Columns = LEFT(@Columns, LEN(@Columns) - 1)
    END
--Recreate the constraint
    SET @SQL = REPLACE(@SQL, '@Columns', @Columns)
    PRINT @SQL
    EXEC (@SQL)

    PRINT('--Done
    ')

    SET @SQL = ''

--Get the next TableName
    FETCH NEXT FROM TableCursor 
    INTO @TableName
END

--Tidy up
CLOSE TableCursor
DEALLOCATE TableCursor

DROP TABLE #PKBackup

/* Handle exceptional tables here
 * Replace indexes and foreign keys that were removed at the start
 */

SET NOCOUNT OFF

答案 2 :(得分:0)

您需要将ALTER语句作为动态SQL执行:将语句构建为SQL字符串并将其传递给sp_executesql

答案 3 :(得分:0)

根据我30多年的数据库经验,一个常数是随着数据需求的变化,需要不断更改您正在使用的任何数据库的结构。此外,有很多实例,其中自动增量主键不是最合适的,特别是当您想要确保在使用数据库的程序时,通过DBMS(例如SQL Server)直接可以有效地访问数据的情况。不再可用。数据库管理的一个重大缺陷是程序死亡时数据库的通常不可穿透性 - 这与长期数据管理原理完全相反。

因此,无法轻易更改主键字段的大小并不是因为数据库设计不佳,这是因为处理数据库的DBMS和SQL工具严重不足,显然是由程序员用理论设计而不是对现实世界的真正理解。此类编程缺陷的其他示例是从0开始而不是1开始的数组索引(由于必须添加或减去1以从索引切换到计数而产生的错误数量很多),数值变量无法原生处理空值,等等我期待有一天数据库结构修改被视为主流必需品,而不是所谓的糟糕的数据库设计。