Question

我正在使用Entity Framework并拥有一个BusinessUnits表，它可以引用相同类型的另一条记录来形成子父级层次结构。

我还有一组用户和用户权限，其中此表中定义的每个用户都应该可以访问BusinessUnit和层次结构中的所有子业务单位。用户不应该访问引用的BusinessUnit（如果存在）。

如何构建LINQ查询来处理此自引用关系树并返回此用户可以访问的所有业务单位（包含子单元）？是否可以在一个查询中执行，或者我是否需要使用for循环手动构建树？

我已经看到了schema从节点到父节点的引用，这是否意味着我必须从最远的子节点开始一次由一个父节点构建树？

提前致谢，

克里斯

class BusinessUnit
{
    int BusinessUnitID {get;set;}
    public string BusinessName {get;set;}
    BusinessUnit ParentBusinessUnit {get;set;}
}

class User
{
    int UserID {get;set;}
    string Firstname {get;set;}
}

class UserPermissions
{
    [Key, ForeignKey("BusinessUnit"), Column(Order = 0)] 
    BusinessUnit BusinessUnit {get;set;}
    [Key, ForeignKey("User"), Column(Order = 1)] 
    User User {get;set;}
}

IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> GetUnitsForWhichUserHasAccess(User user)
{
/* Example 1
 given: BusinessUnitA (ID 1) -> BusinessUnitB (ID 2) -> BusinessUnitC (ID 3)
 with user with ID 1:
 and UserPermissions with an entry: BusinessUnit(2), User(1)
 the list { BusinessUnitB, BusinessUnitC } should be returned
*/

/* Example 2
 given: BusinessUnitA (ID 1) -> BusinessUnitB (ID 2) -> BusinessUnitC (ID 3)
 with user with ID 1:
 and UserPermissions with an entry: BusinessUnit(1), User(1)
 the list { BusinessUnitA, BusinessUnitB, BusinessUnitC } should be returned
*/
}

Answer 1

好的，这里有一些事情。我们可以通过向模型添加更多属性来使这更容易。这是一个选择吗？如果是，请向实体添加集合属性。现在，我不知道您正在使用哪个EF API：DbContext（代码优先或edmx）或ObjectContext。在我的示例中，我使用带有edmx模型的DbContext API来生成这些类。

如果您愿意，可以使用一些注释来免除edmx文件。

public partial class BusinessUnit
{
    public BusinessUnit()
    {
        this.ChlidBusinessUnits = new HashSet<BusinessUnit>();
        this.UserPermissions = new HashSet<UserPermissions>();
    }

    public int BusinessUnitID { get; set; }
    public string BusinessName { get; set; }
    public int ParentBusinessUnitID { get; set; }

    public virtual ICollection<BusinessUnit> ChlidBusinessUnits { get; set; }
    public virtual BusinessUnit ParentBusinessUnit { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<UserPermissions> UserPermissions { get; set; }
}

public partial class User
{
    public User()
    {
        this.UserPermissions = new HashSet<UserPermissions>();
    }

    public int UserID { get; set; }
    public string FirstName { get; set; }

    public virtual ICollection<UserPermissions> UserPermissions { get; set; }
}

public partial class UserPermissions
{
    public int UserPermissionsID { get; set; }
    public int BusinessUnitID { get; set; }
    public int UserID { get; set; }

    public virtual BusinessUnit BusinessUnit { get; set; }
    public virtual User User { get; set; }
}

public partial class BusinessModelContainer : DbContext
{
    public BusinessModelContainer()
        : base("name=BusinessModelContainer")
    {
    }

    protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        throw new UnintentionalCodeFirstException();
    }

    public DbSet<BusinessUnit> BusinessUnits { get; set; }
    public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }
    public DbSet<UserPermissions> UserPermissions { get; set; }
}

@Chase medallion是正确的，因为我们无法编写递归LINQ（甚至实体SQL）查询。

选项1：延迟加载

启用延迟加载后，您可以执行以下操作...

    private static IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> UnitsForUser(BusinessModelContainer container, User user)
    {
        var distinctTopLevelBusinessUnits = (from u in container.BusinessUnits
                                             where u.UserPermissions.Any(p => p.UserID == user.UserID)
                                             select u).Distinct().ToList();

        List<BusinessUnit> allBusinessUnits = new List<BusinessUnit>();

        foreach (BusinessUnit bu in distinctTopLevelBusinessUnits)
        {
            allBusinessUnits.Add(bu);
            allBusinessUnits.AddRange(GetChildren(container, bu));
        }

        return (from bu in allBusinessUnits
                group bu by bu.BusinessUnitID into d
                select d.First()).ToList();
    }

    private static IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> GetChildren(BusinessModelContainer container, BusinessUnit unit)
    {
        var eligibleChildren = (from u in unit.ChlidBusinessUnits
                                select u).Distinct().ToList();

        foreach (BusinessUnit child in eligibleChildren)
        {
            yield return child;

            foreach (BusinessUnit grandchild in child.ChlidBusinessUnits)
            {
                yield return grandchild;
            }
        }
    }

选项2：预加载实体

但是，有一些方法可以优化它以避免重复访问服务器。如果数据库中只有少量可用的业务单位，则可以加载整个列表。然后，由于EF能够自动修复关系，只需从数据库加载用户和他的权限就可以满足我们的需求。

澄清一下：此方法意味着您加载所有 BusinessUnit个实体;甚至用户没有权限的那些。但是，因为它大大减少了与SQL Server的“喋喋不休”，它可能仍然比上面的选项1表现更好。与下面的选项3不同，这是“纯粹的”EF，不依赖于特定的提供者。

        using (BusinessModelContainer bm = new BusinessModelContainer())
        {
            List<BusinessUnit> allBusinessUnits = bm.BusinessUnits.ToList();

            var userWithPermissions = (from u in bm.Users.Include("UserPermissions")
                                       where u.UserID == 1234
                                       select u).Single();

            List<BusinessUnit> unitsForUser = new List<BusinessUnit>();

            var explicitlyPermittedUnits = from p in userWithPermissions.UserPermissions
                                           select p.BusinessUnit;

            foreach (var bu in explicitlyPermittedUnits)
            {
                unitsForUser.Add(bu);
                unitsForUser.AddRange(GetChildren(bm, bu));
            }

            var distinctUnitsForUser = (from bu in unitsForUser
                                        group bu by bu.BusinessUnitID into q
                                        select q.First()).ToList();
        }

请注意，以上两个例子可以改进，但作为一个例子让你去。

选项3：使用公用表表达式定制SQL查询

如果您拥有大量业务单位，则可能需要尝试最有效的方法。这将是执行使用分层公用表表达式的自定义SQL，以便在一次命中中获取信息。这当然会将实现绑定到一个提供程序，可能是SQL Server。

您的SQL将是这样的：

    WITH UserBusinessUnits
            (BusinessUnitID,
            BusinessName,
            ParentBusinessUnitID)
            AS
            (SELECT Bu.BusinessUnitId,
                    Bu.BusinessName,
                    CAST(NULL AS integer)
                    FROM Users U
                    INNER JOIN UserPermissions P ON P.UserID = U.UserID
                    INNER JOIN BusinessUnits Bu ON Bu.BusinessUnitId = P.BusinessUnitId
                    WHERE U.UserId = ?
            UNION ALL
            SELECT  Bu.BusinessUnitId,
                    Bu.BusinessName,
                    Bu.ParentBusinessUnitId
                    FROM UserBusinessUnits Uu
                    INNER JOIN BusinessUnits Bu ON Bu.ParentBusinessUnitID = Uu.BusinessUnitId)
    SELECT  DISTINCT
            BusinessUnitID,
            BusinessName,
            ParentBusinessUnitID
            FROM UserBusinessUnits

您可以使用以下代码来实现用户拥有权限的BusinessUnit对象集合。

bm.BusinessUnits.SqlQuery(mySqlString, userId);

上述行与@Jeffrey建议的非常相似的代码之间存在细微差别。以上使用DbSet.SqlQuery()，而他使用Database.SqlQuery。后者生成未被上下文跟踪的实体，而前者返回（默认情况下）跟踪的实体。通过跟踪的实体，您可以创建和保存更改，并自动修复导航属性。如果您不需要这些功能，请停用更改跟踪（使用.AsNoTracking()或使用Database.SqlQuery）。

<强>摘要

没有什么比使用真实数据集测试更能确定哪种方法最有效。使用手工制作的SQL代码（选项3）总是可能表现最佳，但代价是更复杂的代码不太便携（因为它与底层数据库技术相关）。

另请注意，您可以使用的选项取决于您正在使用的EF的“风味”，当然还取决于您选择的数据库平台。如果您想要一些更具体的指导说明，请使用额外信息更新您的问题。

您使用什么数据库？
您是否预测使用EDMX文件或代码？
如果使用EDMX，您使用默认的（EntityObject）代码生成技术还是T4模板？

Answer 2

如果我理解正确，你想要的是一个递归查询（原始T-SQL中的递归公用表表达式）。据我所知，没有办法在纯LINQ to Entities中编写这样的递归查询。

但是，如果您知道层次结构的最大深度，则可以构建一个连接自身固定次数的单个查询，以获得所需的结果。

int userIdOfInterest = ...
IQueryable<BusinessUnit> units = ...

// start with a query of all units the user has direct permission to
var initialPermissionedUnits = units.Where(bu => bu.UserPermissions.Any(up => up.User.Id == userIdOfInterest));

var allHierarchyLevels = new Stack<IQueryable<BusinessUnit>();
allHierarchyLevels.Push(initialPermissionedUnits);
for (var i = 0; i < MAX_DEPTH; ++i) {
    // get the next level of permissioned units by joining the last level with 
    // it's children
    var nextHierarchyLevel = allHierarchyLevels.Peek()
            // if you set up a Children association on BusinessUnit, you could replace
            // this join with SelectMany(parent => parent.Children)
            .Join(units, parent => parent.BusinessUnitId, child => child.ParentBusinessUnit.BusinessUnitId, (parent, child) => child));
    allHierarchyLevels.Push(nextHierarchyLevel);
}

// build an IQueryable<> which represents ALL units the query is permissioned too
// by UNIONING together all levels of the hierarchy (the UNION will eliminate duplicates as well)
var allPermissionedUnits = allHierarchyLevels.Aggregate((q1, q2) => q1.Union(q2));

// finally, execute the big query we've built up
return allPermissionedUnits.ToList();

当然，随着MAX_DEPTH的增加，生成的查询的性能很可能会恶化。但是，在for循环中对每个层次结构执行1个查询可能会更好。

如果您不知道MAX_DEPTH，可以考虑在业务单位表中添加深度列（在插入时很容易设置，因为它始终是parent.depth + 1）。然后，您可以在运行权限查询之前轻松查询MAX_DEPTH。

Answer 3

要在单个请求中获取层次结构，您需要使用特殊的表结构。一种可能的解决方案是使用包含此记录的所有父项的特殊键。在这种情况下，您可以获得所有子项的简单且非常快（它将比cte递归更快）查询。
但是如果你想将记录转移到另一个层次结构中，那将是非常广泛的操作。

Answer 4

如果您不依赖于使用linq解决方案，那么在sql中使用CTE会非常简单和快捷：

var sql = @"
WITH BusinessUnitHierarchy ( BusinessUnitID, BusinessName, ParentBusinessUnitID )
AS(
    Select bu.BusinessUnitID, bu.BusinessName, bu.ParentBusinessUnitID
    from BusinessUnit bu
    inner join [UserPermissions] up on bu.BusinessUnitID = up.BusinessUnitID
    where up.UserID = @userID
    UNION ALL

    Select
    bu.BusinessUnitID, bu.BusinessName, bu.ParentBusinessUnitID
    from BusinessUnit bu
    inner join BusinessUnitHierarchy buh on bu.ParentBusinessUnitID = buh.BusinessUnitID
)
SELECT * FROM BusinessUnitHierarchy buh
";
context.Database.SqlQuery<BusinessUnit>(sql, new SqlParameter("userID", [[your user ID here]]));

Answer 5

SQL中的递归CTE只是一种使用基本规则的技术。您可以使用这些基本规则在LINQ中构建相同的查询。

以下是要遵循的简单步骤

1）从UserPermissions表中获取权限列表 2）Foreach权限，递归树以查找权限子集

有很多方法可以优化\适应这些查询，但这是核心：

//Gets the list of permissions for this user
        static IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> GetPermissions(int userID)
        {
            //create a permission tree result set object
            List<BusinessUnit> permissionTree = new List<BusinessUnit>();

            //Get the list of records for this user from UserPermissions table
            IEnumerable<UserPermissions> userPermissions = from UP in UPs
                                         where UP.User.UserID == userID
                                         select UP;

            //for each entry in UserPermissions, build the permission tree
            foreach (UserPermissions UP in userPermissions)
            {
                BuildPermissionTree(UP.BusinessUnit, permissionTree);
            }

            return permissionTree;
        }

//recursive query that drills the tree.
        static IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> BuildPermissionTree(BusinessUnit pBU,List<BusinessUnit> permissionTree)
        {
            permissionTree.Add(pBU);

            var query = from BU in BUs
                        where BU.ParentBusinessUnit == pBU
                        select BU;

            foreach (var BU in query)
            {
                BuildPermissionTree(BU,permissionTree);
            }
            return permissionTree;
        }

查询用户1时的

O \ p - ＆gt; （B，C）中的权限（参见图表）

Sample Heirarchy

BusinessUnitB
BusinessUnitG
BusinessUnitC
BusinessUnitD
BusinessUnitF
BusinessUnitE

以下是完整代码：

class BusinessUnit
    {
        public int BusinessUnitID { get; set; }
        public string BusinessName { get; set; }
        public BusinessUnit ParentBusinessUnit { get; set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return BusinessUnitID + " " + BusinessName + " " + ParentBusinessUnit;
        }
    }

    class User
    {
        public int UserID { get; set; }
        public string Firstname { get; set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return UserID + " " + Firstname;
        }
    }

    class UserPermissions
    {
        public BusinessUnit BusinessUnit { get; set; }
        public User User { get; set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return BusinessUnit + " " + User;
        }
    }

    class SOBUProblem
    {
        static List<BusinessUnit> BUs = new List<BusinessUnit>();
        static List<User> Users = new List<User>();
        static List<UserPermissions> UPs = new List<UserPermissions>();

        static void Main()
        {
            //AutoInitBU();
            InitBU();
            InitUsers();
            InitUPs();
            //Dump(BUs);
            //Dump(Users);
            //Dump(UPs);
            //SpitTree(BUs[2]);
            int userID = 1;
            foreach (var BU in GetPermissions(userID))
                Console.WriteLine(BU.BusinessName);

        }
        //Gets the lsit of permissions for this user
        static IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> GetPermissions(int userID)
        {
            //create a permission tree result set object
            List<BusinessUnit> permissionTree = new List<BusinessUnit>();

            //Get the list of records for this user from UserPermissions table
            IEnumerable<UserPermissions> userPermissions = from UP in UPs
                                         where UP.User.UserID == userID
                                         select UP;

            //for each entry in UserPermissions, build the permission tree
            foreach (UserPermissions UP in userPermissions)
            {
                BuildPermissionTree(UP.BusinessUnit, permissionTree);
            }

            return permissionTree;
        }

        //recursive query that drills the tree.
        static IEnumerable<BusinessUnit> BuildPermissionTree(BusinessUnit pBU,List<BusinessUnit> permissionTree)
        {
            permissionTree.Add(pBU);

            var query = from BU in BUs
                        where BU.ParentBusinessUnit == pBU
                        select BU;

            foreach (var BU in query)
            {
                BuildPermissionTree(BU,permissionTree);
            }
            return permissionTree;
        }

        static void Dump<T>(IEnumerable<T> items)
        {
            foreach (T item in items)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());
            }
        }

        static void InitBU()
        {
            BusinessUnit BURoot = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 1, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitA" };
            BUs.Add(BURoot);
            BusinessUnit BUlevel11 = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 2, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitB", ParentBusinessUnit = BURoot };
            BusinessUnit BUlevel12 = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 3, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitC", ParentBusinessUnit = BURoot };
            BUs.Add(BUlevel11);
            BUs.Add(BUlevel12);
            BusinessUnit BUlevel121 = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 4, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitD", ParentBusinessUnit = BUlevel12 };
            BusinessUnit BUlevel122 = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 5, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitE", ParentBusinessUnit = BUlevel12 };
            BUs.Add(BUlevel121);
            BUs.Add(BUlevel122);
            BusinessUnit BUlevel1211 = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 6, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitF", ParentBusinessUnit = BUlevel121 };
            BUs.Add(BUlevel1211);
            BusinessUnit BUlevel111 = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 7, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitG", ParentBusinessUnit = BUlevel11 };
            BUs.Add(BUlevel111);
        }

        static void AutoInitBU()
        {
            BusinessUnit BURoot = new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = 1, BusinessName = "BusinessUnitA" };
            BUs.Add(BURoot);
            Dictionary<int, string> transTable = new Dictionary<int, string>() {{2,"B"},{3,"C"} };
            //Create Child nodes
            for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
            {
                BUs.Add(new BusinessUnit() { BusinessUnitID = i + 2, BusinessName = "BusinessUnit" + transTable[i+2],ParentBusinessUnit =  BUs[i]});
            }
        }

        static void InitUsers()
        {
            Users.Add(new User() {UserID = 1,Firstname="User1" });
        }

        static void InitUPs()
        {
            UPs.Add(new UserPermissions() { BusinessUnit = BUs[1], User = Users[0] });
            UPs.Add(new UserPermissions() { BusinessUnit = BUs[2], User = Users[0] });
        }
    }

Answer 6

我必须解决将hierarchal json数据返回到网络的问题，我开始使用Olly建议使用Common Expression table（CET）并且我的代码是

    static public IEnumerable<TagMaster> GetHierarchy(IEnumerable<int> surveyId, Entities dbContext)
    {
        var sql = String.Format( @"
WITH SurveyTags ([TagID], [TagTitle], [SurveyID], [ParentTagID]) AS (
    SELECT [TagID], [TagTitle], [SurveyID], [ParentTagID]
    FROM [dbo].[TagMaster]
    WHERE [SurveyID] in ({0}) and ParentTagID is null
    UNION ALL
    SELECT
        TagMaster.[TagID], TagMaster.[TagTitle], TagMaster.[SurveyID], TagMaster.[ParentTagID]
        FROM [dbo].[TagMaster]
        INNER JOIN SurveyTags ON TagMaster.ParentTagID =  SurveyTags.TagID
)
SELECT [TagID], [TagTitle], [SurveyID], [ParentTagID]
FROM SurveyTags", String.Join(",", surveyId));
        return dbContext.TagMasters.SqlQuery(sql).Where(r => r.ParentTagID == null).ToList();
    }

但我注意到在访问孩子时，网络应用程序仍在往返数据库！将Entity对象传递给Json也很痛苦，因为很多人最终会得到你不想要的字段。

我提出的最终解决方案不需要CET，只需要一次数据库。在我的情况下，我可以根据SurveyId提取所有记录，但是如果你没有这样的密钥可以使用，你仍然可以使用CET来获得层次结构。

这就是我将平面记录转换为树的方法，只是采用了我需要的字段。

1）首先从db中加载我需要的记录。

var tags = db.TagMasters.Where(r => surveyIds.Contains(r.SurveyID)).Select(r => new { id = r.TagID, name = r.TagTitle, parentId = r.ParentTagID }).ToList();

2）为它创建一个ViewModel字典。

var tagDictionary = tags.Select(r => new TagHierarchyViewModel { Id = r.id, Name = r.name }).ToDictionary(r => r.Id);

3）然后将其转换为层次结构。

  foreach (var tag in tags) {
     if (tag.parentId.HasValue)  {
                    tagDictionary[tag.parentId.Value].Tags.Add(tagDictionary[tag.id]);
     }
  }

4）删除所有子节点。

var tagHierarchy = from td in tagDictionary
    join t in tags on td.Key equals t.id
    where t.parentId == null
    select td.Value;

结果：

Hierarchy on the browser

实体框架遍历并返回自引用表中的子记录

6 个答案: