据我所知,C规范没有提供有关rand()
的具体实现的任何规范。在不同的主要平台上通常使用哪些不同的算法?他们有什么不同?
答案 0 :(得分:19)
请参阅此文章:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number_generators
这是glibc的rand()
:
/* Reentrant random function from POSIX.1c.
Copyright (C) 1996, 1999, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
Contributed by Ulrich Drepper <drepper@cygnus.com>, 1996.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307 USA. */
#include <stdlib.h>
/* This algorithm is mentioned in the ISO C standard, here extended
for 32 bits. */
int
rand_r (unsigned int *seed)
{
unsigned int next = *seed;
int result;
next *= 1103515245;
next += 12345;
result = (unsigned int) (next / 65536) % 2048;
next *= 1103515245;
next += 12345;
result <<= 10;
result ^= (unsigned int) (next / 65536) % 1024;
next *= 1103515245;
next += 12345;
result <<= 10;
result ^= (unsigned int) (next / 65536) % 1024;
*seed = next;
return result;
}
来源:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=stdlib/rand_r.c;hb=HEAD
正如您所看到的,它只是乘以加法和移位。仔细选择这些值以确保不会重复RAND_MAX迭代的输出。
请注意,这是一个旧的实现,已被更复杂的算法取代:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=stdlib/random_r.c;hb=HEAD
如果链接断开,谷歌为“glibc rand_r”
答案 1 :(得分:11)
我曾为CRNG撰写过离散数学课程的报告。为此,我在msvcrt.dll中反汇编了rand():
msvcrt.dll:77C271D8 mov ecx, [eax+14h]
msvcrt.dll:77C271DB imul ecx, 343FDh
msvcrt.dll:77C271E1 add ecx, 269EC3h
msvcrt.dll:77C271E7 mov [eax+14h], ecx
msvcrt.dll:77C271EA mov eax, ecx
msvcrt.dll:77C271EC shr eax, 10h
msvcrt.dll:77C271EF and eax, 7FFFh
所以这是一个类似(未经测试)的LCG ......
int ms_rand(int& seed)
{
seed = seed*0x343fd+0x269EC3; // a=214013, b=2531011
return (seed >> 0x10) & 0x7FFF;
}
答案 2 :(得分:3)
PRNG(伪随机数发生器)领域相当广泛。
首先,你必须明白,如果没有外部输入(通常是物理的)你就无法得到真正的随机数源。这就是为什么这些算法被称为伪随机:它们通常使用种子来初始化一个非常长的序列中的位置似乎随机但它根本不是随机的。
最简单的算法之一是线性同余生成器(LCG),它有一些成本计算来保证长序列,而且根本不安全。
另一个有趣的(至少是名字)是Blum Blum Shub发生器(BBS),这对普通PRNG来说是不寻常的,因为它依赖于模运算中的取幂,提供了与RSA等其他算法相当的安全性。 El Gamal打破了序列(如果我不确定它的证据也是如此)
答案 3 :(得分:2)
如果您需要特定的或更高级的东西,可以将Boost随机库用于不同的随机数生成器。
Boost Random的文档是here。