管理国家 - SICP第3章

时间:2012-04-06 19:21:08

标签: haskell state sicp state-monad

我一直在Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs工作并完成Haskell的练习。前两章很好(代码在github),但第3章让我更难思考。

首先谈论管理国家,以银行账户为例。他们通过

定义函数make-withdraw
(define (make-withdraw balance)
    (lambda (amount)
        (if (>= balance amount)
            (begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
                balance)
            "Insufficient funds")))

以便您可以执行以下代码:

(define w1 (make-withdraw 100))
(define w2 (make-withdraw 100))

(w1 50)
50

(w2 70)
30

(w2 40)
"Insufficient funds"

(w1 40)
10

我不确定如何在Haskell中模仿这个。我首先想到了一个使用State monad的简单函数:

import Control.Monad.State

type Cash    = Float
type Account = State Cash

withdraw :: Cash -> Account (Either String Cash)
withdraw amount = state makewithdrawal where
    makewithdrawal balance = if balance >= amount
        then (Right amount, balance - amount)
        else (Left "Insufficient funds", balance)

允许我运行代码

ghci> runState (do { withdraw 50; withdraw 40 }) 100
(Left "Insufficient funds",30.0)

但这与方案代码有所不同。理想情况下,我能够运行像

这样的东西
do
  w1 <- makeWithdraw 100
  w2 <- makeWithdraw 100
  x1 <- w1 50
  y1 <- w2 70
  y2 <- w2 40
  x2 <- w1 40
  return [x1,y1,y2,x2]

[Right 50,Right 70,Left "Insufficient funds",Right 40]

但我不确定如何编写函数makeWithdraw。有什么建议吗?

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:8)

Scheme代码偷偷地使用两位状态:一个是变量w1w2之间的(隐式)关联和ref-cell;另一个是存储在ref-cell中的(显式)状态。在Haskell中有几种不同的方法可以对其进行建模。例如,我们可能会使用ST

来提取类似的ref-cell技巧
makeWithdraw :: Float -> ST s (Float -> ST s (Either String Float))
makeWithdraw initialBalance = do
    refBalance <- newSTRef initialBalance
    return $ \amount -> do
        balance <- readSTRef refBalance
        let balance' = balance - amount
        if balance' < 0
            then return (Left "insufficient funds")
            else writeSTRef refBalance balance' >> return (Right balance')

让我们这样做:

*Main> :{
*Main| runST $ do
*Main|   w1 <- makeWithdraw 100
*Main|   w2 <- makeWithdraw 100
*Main|   x1 <- w1 50
*Main|   y1 <- w2 70
*Main|   y2 <- w2 40
*Main|   x2 <- w1 40
*Main|   return [x1,y1,y2,x2]
*Main| :}
[Right 50.0,Right 30.0,Left "insufficient funds",Right 10.0]

另一种选择是明确显示状态的两个部分,例如将每个帐户与唯一的Int ID相关联。

type AccountNumber = Int
type Balance = Float
data BankState = BankState
    { nextAccountNumber :: AccountNumber
    , accountBalance :: Map AccountNumber Balance
    }

当然,我们基本上会重新实施ref-cell操作:

newAccount :: Balance -> State BankState AccountNumber
newAccount balance = do
    next <- gets nextAccountNumber
    modify $ \bs -> bs
        { nextAccountNumber = next + 1
        , accountBalance = insert next balance (accountBalance bs)
        }
    return next

withdraw :: Account -> Balance -> State BankState (Either String Balance)
withdraw account amount = do
    balance <- gets (fromMaybe 0 . lookup account . accountBalance)
    let balance' = balance - amount
    if balance' < 0
        then return (Left "insufficient funds")
        else modify (\bs -> bs { accountBalance = insert account balance' (accountBalance bs) }) >> return (Right balance')

然后让我们写makeWithdraw

makeWithDraw :: Balance -> State BankState (Balance -> State BankState (Either String Balance))
makeWithdraw balance = withdraw <$> newAccount balance

答案 1 :(得分:4)

嗯,这里有多个独立的,可变的状态:一个用于系统中的每个“帐户”。 State monad只允许您拥有一个状态。您可以在状态中存储类似(Int, Map Int Cash)的内容,递增Int以便每次都将新密钥放入地图中,并使用它来存储余额...但这太丑了,不是它?

幸运的是,Haskell有一个monad用于多个独立的,可变的状态:ST

type Account = ST

makeWithdraw :: Cash -> Account s (Cash -> Account s (Either String Cash))
makeWithdraw amount = do
    cash <- newSTRef amount
    return withdraw
  where
    withdraw balance
        | balance >= amount = do
            modifySTRef cash (subtract amount)
            return $ Right amount
        | otherwise = return $ Left "Insufficient funds"

有了这个,你的代码示例应该可以正常工作;只需应用runST即可获得所需的列表。 ST monad很简单:你可以创建和修改STRef,它就像常规的可变变量一样;事实上,他们的界面基本上与IORef的界面相同。

唯一棘手的一点是额外的s类型参数,称为状态线程。这用于将每个STRef与其创建的ST上下文相关联。如果您可以从STRef操作返回ST并执行此操作,那将非常糟糕跨越另一个 ST上下文 - ST的全部内容是您可以在IO之外将其作为纯代码运行,但如果STRef s可以逃脱,你可以在monadic上下文之外有一个不纯的,可变的状态,只需将你的所有操作包装在runST中!因此,每个STSTRef都带有相同的s类型参数,而runST的类型为runST :: (forall s. ST s a) -> a。这会阻止您为s选择任何特定值:您的代码必须使用s的所有可能值。从未分配任何特定类型;仅用作保持状态线程隔离的技巧。