假设我有表student，club和student_club：
student {
id
name
}
club {
id
name
}
student_club {
student_id
club_id
}
我想知道如何找到足球（30）和棒球（50）俱乐部的所有学生 虽然这个查询不起作用，但它是我迄今为止最接近的事情：
SELECT student.*
FROM student
INNER JOIN student_club sc ON student.id = sc.student_id
LEFT JOIN club c ON c.id = sc.club_id
WHERE c.id = 30 AND c.id = 50
答案 0 :(得分：129)
我很好奇。众所周知，好奇心因杀猫而闻名。
此测试的精确猫皮环境：
student.id student.stud_id而club.id此处为club.club_id。相关指数（应该是最佳的 - 只要我们缺乏哪些俱乐部将被查询的前瞻性知识）：
ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT student_pkey PRIMARY KEY(stud_id );
ALTER TABLE student_club ADD CONSTRAINT sc_pkey PRIMARY KEY(stud_id, club_id);
ALTER TABLE club ADD CONSTRAINT club_pkey PRIMARY KEY(club_id );
CREATE INDEX sc_club_id_idx ON student_club (club_id);
club_pkey
主键在PostgreSQL中自动实现唯一索引
最后一个索引是为了弥补PostgreSQL上multi-column indexes的这个已知缺点：
多列B树索引可以与查询条件一起使用 涉及索引列的任何子集，但索引最多 在领先（最左边）有限制时有效 列。
EXPLAIN ANALYZE的总运行时间。
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN student_club sc USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc.club_id IN (30, 50)
GROUP BY 1,2
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN (
SELECT stud_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30, 50)
GROUP BY 1
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
) sc USING (stud_id);
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE student_id IN (
SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 30
INTERSECT
SELECT stud_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 50);
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE s.stud_id IN (SELECT stud_id FROM student_club WHERE club_id = 30)
AND s.stud_id IN (SELECT stud_id FROM student_club WHERE club_id = 50);
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM student_club
WHERE stud_id = s.stud_id AND club_id = 30)
AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM student_club
WHERE stud_id = s.stud_id AND club_id = 50);
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN student_club x ON s.stud_id = x.stud_id
JOIN student_club y ON s.stud_id = y.stud_id
WHERE x.club_id = 30
AND y.club_id = 50;
最后三个表演几乎相同。 4）和5）产生相同的查询计划。
花哨的SQL，但性能跟不上。
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM club AS c
WHERE c.club_id IN (30, 50)
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND sc.club_id = c.club_id
)
);
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT 30 AS club_id
UNION ALL
SELECT 50
) AS c
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND sc.club_id = c.club_id
)
);
正如所料，这两者表现几乎相同。查询计划导致表扫描，计划程序在此处找不到使用索引的方法。
WITH RECURSIVE two AS (
SELECT 1::int AS level
, stud_id
FROM student_club sc1
WHERE sc1.club_id = 30
UNION
SELECT two.level + 1 AS level
, sc2.stud_id
FROM student_club sc2
JOIN two USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc2.club_id = 50
AND two.level = 1
)
SELECT s.stud_id, s.student
FROM student s
JOIN two USING (studid)
WHERE two.level > 1;
花哨的SQL，CTE的不错表现。非常奇特的查询计划。
再一次，有趣的是9.1如何处理这个问题。我将尽快将此处使用的数据库集群升级到9.1。也许我会重新运行整个shebang ...
WITH sc AS (
SELECT stud_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30,50)
GROUP BY stud_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
SELECT s.*
FROM student s
JOIN sc USING (stud_id);
查询2的CTE变体。令人惊讶的是，它可能会导致略有不同的查询计划与完全相同的数据。我在student上找到了顺序扫描，其中子查询变量使用了索引。
另一个晚期加入@ypercube。令人惊讶的是，有多少种方式。
SELECT s.stud_id, s.student
FROM student s
JOIN student_club sc USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc.club_id = 10 -- member in 1st club ...
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT 14 AS club_id) AS c -- can't be excluded for missing the 2nd
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS d
WHERE d.stud_id = sc.stud_id
AND d.club_id = c.club_id
)
)
@ ypercube的11）实际上只是这个简单变体的扭曲扭曲的方法，但仍然缺失。表现几乎与顶级猫一样快。
SELECT s.*
FROM student s
JOIN student_club x USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc.club_id = 10 -- member in 1st club ...
AND EXISTS ( -- ... and membership in 2nd exists
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS y
WHERE y.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND y.club_id = 14
)
很难相信，但这是另一个真正的新变种。我看到有两个以上会员资格的潜力，但它也只有两个成为顶级猫。
SELECT s.*
FROM student AS s
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS x
JOIN student_club AS y USING (stud_id)
WHERE x.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND x.club_id = 14
AND y.club_id = 10
)
换句话说：不同数量的过滤器。这个问题要求确切 两个 俱乐部会员资格。但是许多用例必须为不同的数量做好准备。
此相关后续答案中的详细讨论：
答案 1 :(得分：18)
SELECT s.*
FROM student s
INNER JOIN student_club sc_soccer ON s.id = sc_soccer.student_id
INNER JOIN student_club sc_baseball ON s.id = sc_baseball.student_id
WHERE
sc_baseball.club_id = 50 AND
sc_soccer.club_id = 30
答案 2 :(得分：10)
select *
from student
where id in (select student_id from student_club where club_id = 30)
and id in (select student_id from student_club where club_id = 50)
答案 3 :(得分：5)
如果您只想要student_id，那么：
Select student_id
from student_club
where club_id in ( 30, 50 )
group by student_id
having count( student_id ) = 2
如果您还需要学生的姓名：
Select student_id, name
from student s
where exists( select *
from student_club sc
where s.student_id = sc.student_id
and club_id in ( 30, 50 )
group by sc.student_id
having count( sc.student_id ) = 2 )
如果你在club_selection表中有两个以上的俱乐部，那么：
Select student_id, name
from student s
where exists( select *
from student_club sc
where s.student_id = sc.student_id
and exists( select *
from club_selection cs
where sc.club_id = cs.club_id )
group by sc.student_id
having count( sc.student_id ) = ( select count( * )
from club_selection ) )
答案 4 :(得分：4)
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE id IN (SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 30
INTERSECT
SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 50)
或者更通用的解决方案更容易扩展到n俱乐部，避免INTERSECT（MySQL中不可用）和IN（performance of this sucks in MySQL）
SELECT s.id,
s.name
FROM student s
join student_club sc
ON s.id = sc.student_id
WHERE sc.club_id IN ( 30, 50 )
GROUP BY s.id,
s.name
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT sc.club_id) = 2
答案 5 :(得分：4)
另一个CTE。它看起来很干净，但它可能会生成与普通子查询中的groupby相同的计划。
WITH two AS (
SELECT student_id FROM tmp.student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30,50)
GROUP BY student_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
SELECT st.* FROM tmp.student st
JOIN two ON (two.student_id=st.id)
;
对于那些想要测试的人，我的生成testdata的副本是：
DROP SCHEMA tmp CASCADE;
CREATE SCHEMA tmp;
CREATE TABLE tmp.student
( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
, sname VARCHAR
);
CREATE TABLE tmp.club
( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
, cname VARCHAR
);
CREATE TABLE tmp.student_club
( student_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES tmp.student(id)
, club_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES tmp.club(id)
);
INSERT INTO tmp.student(id)
SELECT generate_series(1,1000)
;
INSERT INTO tmp.club(id)
SELECT generate_series(1,100)
;
INSERT INTO tmp.student_club(student_id,club_id)
SELECT st.id , cl.id
FROM tmp.student st, tmp.club cl
;
DELETE FROM tmp.student_club
WHERE random() < 0.8
;
UPDATE tmp.student SET sname = 'Student#' || id::text ;
UPDATE tmp.club SET cname = 'Soccer' WHERE id = 30;
UPDATE tmp.club SET cname = 'Baseball' WHERE id = 50;
ALTER TABLE tmp.student_club
ADD PRIMARY KEY (student_id,club_id)
;
答案 6 :(得分：3)
所以有一种方法可以给猫皮肤 我会添加两个来制作它，更完整。
假设(student_id, club_id)中student_club 唯一的理智数据模型。
马丁史密斯的第二个版本有点类似，但他后来加入了第一组。这应该更快：
SELECT s.id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN (
SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30, 50)
GROUP BY 1
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
) sc USING (student_id);
当然，还有经典EXISTS。类似于Derek与IN的变体。简单快捷。 （在MySQL中，这应该比使用IN的变体快得多）：
SELECT s.id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM student_club
WHERE student_id = s.student_id AND club_id = 30)
AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM student_club
WHERE student_id = s.student_id AND club_id = 50);
答案 7 :(得分：3)
由于没有人添加此（经典）版本：
SELECT s.*
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM club AS c
WHERE c.id IN (30, 50)
AND NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.student_id = s.id
AND sc.club_id = c.id
)
)
或类似：
SELECT s.*
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM
( SELECT 30 AS club_id
UNION ALL
SELECT 50
) AS c
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.student_id = s.id
AND sc.club_id = c.club_id
)
)
再试一次略有不同的方法。灵感来自Explain Extended: Multiple attributes in a EAV table: GROUP BY vs. NOT EXISTS中的一篇文章：
SELECT s.*
FROM student_club AS sc
JOIN student AS s
ON s.student_id = sc.student_id
WHERE sc.club_id = 50 --- one option here
AND NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM
( SELECT 30 AS club_id --- all the rest in here
--- as in previous query
) AS c
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM student_club AS scc
WHERE scc.student_id = sc.id
AND scc.club_id = c.club_id
)
)
另一种方法：
SELECT s.stud_id
FROM student s
EXCEPT
SELECT stud_id
FROM
( SELECT s.stud_id, c.club_id
FROM student s
CROSS JOIN (VALUES (30),(50)) c (club_id)
EXCEPT
SELECT stud_id, club_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30, 50) -- optional. Not needed but may affect performance
) x ;
答案 8 :(得分：2)
WITH RECURSIVE two AS
( SELECT 1::integer AS level
, student_id
FROM tmp.student_club sc0
WHERE sc0.club_id = 30
UNION
SELECT 1+two.level AS level
, sc1.student_id
FROM tmp.student_club sc1
JOIN two ON (two.student_id = sc1.student_id)
WHERE sc1.club_id = 50
AND two.level=1
)
SELECT st.* FROM tmp.student st
JOIN two ON (two.student_id=st.id)
WHERE two.level> 1
;
这似乎表现得相当不错，因为CTE扫描避免了对两个独立子查询的需要。
总是有理由滥用递归查询！
（顺便说一句：mysql似乎没有递归查询）
答案 9 :(得分：1)
我在真实的数据库中进行了测试，因此这些名称与catskin列表不同。它是一个备份副本，因此在所有测试运行期间没有任何变化（除了对目录的微小更改）。
SELECT a.*
FROM ef.adr a
JOIN (
SELECT adr_id
FROM ef.adratt
WHERE att_id IN (10,14)
GROUP BY adr_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1) t using (adr_id);
Merge Join (cost=630.10..1248.78 rows=627 width=295) (actual time=13.025..34.726 rows=67 loops=1)
Merge Cond: (a.adr_id = adratt.adr_id)
-> Index Scan using adr_pkey on adr a (cost=0.00..523.39 rows=5767 width=295) (actual time=0.023..11.308 rows=5356 loops=1)
-> Sort (cost=630.10..636.37 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=12.891..13.004 rows=67 loops=1)
Sort Key: adratt.adr_id
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 28kB
-> HashAggregate (cost=450.87..488.49 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=12.386..12.710 rows=67 loops=1)
Filter: (count(*) > 1)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on adratt (cost=97.66..394.81 rows=2803 width=4) (actual time=0.245..5.958 rows=2811 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on adratt_att_id_idx (cost=0.00..94.86 rows=2803 width=0) (actual time=0.217..0.217 rows=2811 loops=1)
Index Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
Total runtime: 34.928 ms
WITH two AS (
SELECT adr_id
FROM ef.adratt
WHERE att_id IN (10,14)
GROUP BY adr_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
SELECT a.*
FROM ef.adr a
JOIN two using (adr_id);
Hash Join (cost=1161.52..1261.84 rows=627 width=295) (actual time=36.188..37.269 rows=67 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (two.adr_id = a.adr_id)
CTE two
-> HashAggregate (cost=450.87..488.49 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=13.059..13.447 rows=67 loops=1)
Filter: (count(*) > 1)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on adratt (cost=97.66..394.81 rows=2803 width=4) (actual time=0.252..6.252 rows=2811 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on adratt_att_id_idx (cost=0.00..94.86 rows=2803 width=0) (actual time=0.226..0.226 rows=2811 loops=1)
Index Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
-> CTE Scan on two (cost=0.00..50.16 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=13.065..13.677 rows=67 loops=1)
-> Hash (cost=384.68..384.68 rows=5767 width=295) (actual time=23.097..23.097 rows=5767 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 1153kB
-> Seq Scan on adr a (cost=0.00..384.68 rows=5767 width=295) (actual time=0.005..10.955 rows=5767 loops=1)
Total runtime: 37.482 ms
答案 10 :(得分：1)
@ erwin-brandstetter请以此为基准：
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s, student_club x, student_club y
WHERE x.club_id = 30
AND s.stud_id = x.stud_id
AND y.club_id = 50
AND s.stud_id = y.stud_id;
这就像@sean的数字6），我想是更干净。
答案 11 :(得分：0)
-- EXPLAIN ANALYZE
WITH two AS (
SELECT c0.student_id
FROM tmp.student_club c0
, tmp.student_club c1
WHERE c0.student_id = c1.student_id
AND c0.club_id = 30
AND c1.club_id = 50
)
SELECT st.* FROM tmp.student st
JOIN two ON (two.student_id=st.id)
;
查询计划：
Hash Join (cost=1904.76..1919.09 rows=337 width=15) (actual time=6.937..8.771 rows=324 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (two.student_id = st.id)
CTE two
-> Hash Join (cost=849.97..1645.76 rows=337 width=4) (actual time=4.932..6.488 rows=324 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (c1.student_id = c0.student_id)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on student_club c1 (cost=32.76..796.94 rows=1614 width=4) (actual time=0.667..1.835 rows=1646 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (club_id = 50)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on sc_club_id_idx (cost=0.00..32.36 rows=1614 width=0) (actual time=0.473..0.473 rows=1646 loops=1)
Index Cond: (club_id = 50)
-> Hash (cost=797.00..797.00 rows=1617 width=4) (actual time=4.203..4.203 rows=1620 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 57kB
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on student_club c0 (cost=32.79..797.00 rows=1617 width=4) (actual time=0.663..3.596 rows=1620 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (club_id = 30)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on sc_club_id_idx (cost=0.00..32.38 rows=1617 width=0) (actual time=0.469..0.469 rows=1620 loops=1)
Index Cond: (club_id = 30)
-> CTE Scan on two (cost=0.00..6.74 rows=337 width=4) (actual time=4.935..6.591 rows=324 loops=1)
-> Hash (cost=159.00..159.00 rows=8000 width=15) (actual time=1.979..1.979 rows=8000 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 374kB
-> Seq Scan on student st (cost=0.00..159.00 rows=8000 width=15) (actual time=0.093..0.759 rows=8000 loops=1)
Total runtime: 8.989 ms
(20 rows)
所以它似乎仍然希望对学生进行seq扫描。
答案 12 :(得分：0)
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s,
(
select x.stud_id from
student_club x
JOIN student_club y ON x.stud_id = y.stud_id
WHERE x.club_id = 30
AND y.club_id = 50
) tmp_tbl
where tmp_tbl.stud_id = s.stud_id
;
使用最快的变体（肖恩先生在Brandstetter先生的图表中）。可能是只有一个连接的变体，只有student_club矩阵才有权生活。因此，最长的查询将只有两列要计算，想法是使查询变薄。