Question

我有一个打开csv文件并设置标头的源代码价值关联。源代码如下：

def ParseCsvFile(source): 
  """Parse the csv file. 
  Args: 
    source: file to be parsed

  Returns: the list of dictionary entities; each dictionary contains
             attribute to value mapping or its equivalent. 
  """ 
  global rack_file 
  rack_type_file = None 
  try: 
    rack_file = source 
    rack_type_file = open(rack_file)  # Need to mock this line.
    headers = rack_type_file.readline().split(',') 
    length = len(headers) 
    reader = csv.reader(rack_type_file, delimiter=',') 
    attributes_list=[] # list of dictionaries. 
    for line in reader: 
      # More process to happeng. Converting the rack name to sequence. 
      attributes_list.append(dict((headers[i],
                                   line[i]) for i in range(length))) 
    return attributes_list 
  except IOError, (errno, strerror): 
    logging.error("I/O error(%s): %s" % (errno, strerror)) 
  except IndexError, (errno, strerror): 
    logging.error('Index Error(%s), %s' %(errno, strerror)) 
  finally: 
    rack_type_file.close()

我试图模仿以下陈述

rack_type_file = open(rack_file)

如何模拟open（...）函数？

Answer 1

这无疑是个老问题，因此有些答案已经过时了。

在mock库的当前版本中，有一个为此目的设计的便利功能。以下是它的工作原理：

>>> from mock import mock_open
>>> m = mock_open()
>>> with patch('__main__.open', m, create=True):
...     with open('foo', 'w') as h:
...         h.write('some stuff')
...
>>> m.mock_calls
[call('foo', 'w'),
 call().__enter__(),
 call().write('some stuff'),
 call().__exit__(None, None, None)]
>>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'w')
>>> handle = m()
>>> handle.write.assert_called_once_with('some stuff')

文档为here。

Answer 2

使用mox使用__builtin__模块模拟内置函数open：

import __builtin__ # unlike __builtins__ this must be imported
m = mox.Mox()
m.StubOutWithMock(__builtin__, 'open')
open('ftphelp.yml', 'rb').AndReturn(StringIO("fake file content"))     
m.ReplayAll()
# call the code you want to test that calls `open`
m.VerifyAll()
m.UnsetStubs()

请注意__builtins__并不总是一个模块，它可以是dict类型，请使用__builtin__（没有“s”）模块来引用系统内置方法。

有关__builtin__模块的更多信息：http://docs.python.org/library/builtin.html

Answer 3

根据具体情况，我喜欢这两种方式。

如果您的单元测试将直接调用ParseCsvFile，我会向ParseCsvFile添加一个新的kwarg：

def ParseCsvFile(source, open=open): 
    # ...
    rack_type_file = open(rack_file)  # Need to mock this line.

然后你的单元测试可以通过一个不同的open_func来完成模拟。

如果你的单元测试调用了一些其他函数，而这些函数又调用了ParseCsvFile，那么为了测试而传递open_func是很难看的。在那种情况下，我会使用mock module。这允许您按名称更改函数并将其替换为Mock对象。

# code.py
def open_func(name):
    return open(name)

def ParseCsvFile(source):
    # ...
    rack_type_file = open_func(rack_file)  # Need to mock this line.

# test.py
import unittest
import mock
from StringIO import StringIO

@mock.patch('code.open_func')
class ParseCsvTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_parse(self, open_mock):
        open_mock.return_value = StringIO("my,example,input")
        # ...

Answer 4

装饰器（Python3）很简单：

def my_method():
    with open(file="/1.txt", mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return file.read().strip()


@mock.patch("builtins.open", create=True)
def test_my_method(mock_open):
    mock_open.side_effect = [
        mock.mock_open(read_data="A").return_value
    ]

    resA = my_method()
    assert resA == "A"

    mock_open.mock_calls ==  [mock.call(file="/1.txt", mode='r', encoding='utf-8')]

Answer 5

我冒昧地重写你的样本函数：

假设您的函数位于名为code.py

的文件中

# code.py
import csv

import logging


def ParseCsvFile(source):
    """Parse the csv file.
    Args:
      source: file to be parsed

    Returns: the list of dictionary entities; each dictionary contains
               attribute to value mapping or its equivalent.
    """
    global rack_file
    rack_file = source
    attributes_list = []

    try:
        rack_type_file = open(rack_file)
    except IOError, (errno, strerror):
        logging.error("I/O error(%s): %s", errno, strerror)
    else:
        reader = csv.DictReader(rack_type_file, delimiter=',')
        attributes_list = [line for line in reader]   # list of dictionaries
        rack_type_file.close()

    return attributes_list

一个简单的测试用例是：

# your test file
import __builtin__
import unittest
import contextlib
from StringIO import StringIO

import mox

import code


@contextlib.contextmanager
def mox_replayer(mox_instance):
    mox_instance.ReplayAll()
    yield
    mox_instance.VerifyAll()


class TestParseCSVFile(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.mox = mox.Mox()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.mox.UnsetStubs()

    def test_parse_csv_file_returns_list_of_dicts(self):
        TEST_FILE_NAME = 'foo.csv'

        self.mox.StubOutWithMock(__builtin__, 'open')
        open(TEST_FILE_NAME).AndReturn(StringIO("name,age\nfoo,13"))

        with mox_replayer(self.mox):
            result = code.ParseCsvFile(TEST_FILE_NAME)

        self.assertEqual(result, [{'age': '13', 'name': 'foo'}])  # works!


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

编辑：

% /usr/bin/python2.6
Python 2.6.1 (r261:67515, Jun 24 2010, 21:47:49) 
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5646)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import __builtin__
>>> import mox
>>> mock = mox.Mox()
>>> mock.StubOutWithMock(__builtin__, 'open')
>>> mock.UnsetStubs()

使用mox 0.53

在2.6上正常工作

Answer 6

嗨，我遇到了类似的问题，并且在不同的模拟库之间撕裂我的头发。我终于找到了一个我很满意的解决方案，也许它对你有帮助吗？最后，我选择了Mocker库http://labix.org/mocker，这里是模拟开放的代码：

from mocker import Mocker
from StringIO import StringIO
import __builtin__
mocker = Mocker()
sourceFile = 'myTestFile.txt'
__builtin__.open = mocker.mock()
__builtin__.open(sourceFile)
mocker.result(StringIO('this,is,a,test,file'))

<the rest of your test setup goes here>

mocker.replay()

ParseCsvFile(sourceFile)

mocker.restore()
mocker.verify()

事实上，我使用Mocker的原因是因为我正在测试一个使用open来读取文件的函数，然后再次使用open来用新数据覆盖相同的文件。我需要做的是测试初始文件不存在的情况，所以设置一个模拟，第一次抛出一个IOError，然后第二次工作。设置如下：

from mocker import Mocker
import __builtin__

mocker = Mocker()

mockFileObject = mocker.mock()
__builtin__.open = mocker.mock()

__builtin__.open('previousState.pkl', 'r') 
mocker.throw(IOError('Boom'))

__builtin__.open('previousState.pkl','w') 
mocker.result(mockFileObject)

<rest of test setup >

mocker.replay()

<test>

mocker.restore() #required to restore the open method
mocker.verify()

希望这有帮助！

Answer 7

>>> class A(object):
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.x = open('test.py')
... 
>>> old_open = open
>>> def open(s):
...     return "test\n"
... 
>>> a = A()
>>> a.x
'test\n'
>>> open = old_open
>>> a = A()
>>> a.x
<open file 'test.py', mode 'r' at 0xb7736230>

Answer 8

@ mock.patch decorator （2.7示例）

现在这更容易了：

import your_script.py
import __builtin__
import mock


@mock.patch("__builtin__.open")
def test_example(self, mock_open):
    your_script.your_method()
    self.assertEqual(mock_open.call_count, 1)

在单元测试中模拟打开（file_name）

8 个答案: