我想为
实现可折叠data Constant a b = Constant a
这是我直截了当的尝试:
instance Foldable (Constant a) where
foldr f b (Constant a) = f a b
我想了解的编译错误部分是:
Couldn't match expected type ‘a1’ with actual type ‘a’
‘a1’ is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for
foldr :: (a1 -> b -> b) -> b -> Constant a a1 -> b
你可以看到折叠功能采用"幻像类型"来自Constant的(?)a1
我无法访问;我只能访问a
。
我该如何解决这个问题?请解释一下你的解决方案,因为我很困惑。
整个编译错误是:
try2/chap20/ex1.hs:9:30: Couldn't match expected type ‘a1’ with actual type ‘a’ …
‘a’ is a rigid type variable bound by
the instance declaration
at /Users/moron/code/haskell/book/try2/chap20/ex1.hs:8:10
‘a1’ is a rigid type variable bound by
the type signature for
foldr :: (a1 -> b -> b) -> b -> Constant a a1 -> b
at /Users/moron/code/haskell/book/try2/chap20/ex1.hs:9:3
Relevant bindings include
a :: a
(bound at /Users/moron/code/haskell/book/try2/chap20/ex1.hs:9:23)
f :: a1 -> b -> b
(bound at /Users/moron/code/haskell/book/try2/chap20/ex1.hs:9:9)
foldr :: (a1 -> b -> b) -> b -> Constant a a1 -> b
(bound at /Users/moron/code/haskell/book/try2/chap20/ex1.hs:9:3)
In the first argument of ‘f’, namely ‘a’
In the expression: f a b
Compilation failed.
答案 0 :(得分:9)
Constant a b
不包含任何b
- s,因此我们将其折叠为好像是b
的空列表 - s:
instance Foldable (Constant a) where
foldr f z (Constant a) = z
a
中的 Constant a b
与Foldable
实例无关,因为这只涉及最后一个参数。因此,您无法在定义中真正使用a
。
答案 1 :(得分:2)
我认为唯一的可能性是:
data Constant a b = C a
-- foldMap :: Monoid m => (b -> m) -> t b -> m
instance Foldable (Constant a) where
foldMap f (C a) = mempty
这是一个简单的解决方案。
了解为什么你可以为这个定义做到这一点可能是有益的:
data Constant' a b = C' b
-- foldMap :: Monoid m => (b -> m) -> t b -> m
instance Foldable (Constant' a) where
foldMap f (C' a) = f a
此处t
为Constant' a
,所以
t b
是Constant' a b
。对于C bval
类型的某个值bval
,此类型的值具有结构b
。f
的类型为b -> m
,因此我们可以将f
应用于bval
但在另一种情况下,我们没有b
的值来申请f
,因此我们所做的最好就是返回mempty
。