我在如何处理不同的现有shell中的变量赋值和括号方面遇到了一些麻烦和误解。
目前令我困惑的是以下内容:
始终使用以下命令
./script.sh a b c d
运行以下代码时
#!/bin/zsh
bar=$@
for foo in $bar
do
echo $foo
done
输出
a b c d
和
#!/bin/zsh
bar=($@)
for foo in $bar
do
echo $foo
done
它是(我最初想要的)
a
b
c
d
但是使用bash或sh
#!/bin/bash
bar=$@
for foo in $bar
do
echo $foo
done
给出
a
b
c
d
和
#!/bin/bash
bar=($@)
for foo in $bar
do
echo $foo
done
只是
a
那里发生了什么?
答案 0 :(得分:3)
执行此操作时:
bar=($@)
你实际上是创建一个bash shell数组。要迭代 bash 数组,请使用:
bar=( "$@" ) # safer way to create array
for foo in "${bar[@]}"
do
echo "$foo"
done
答案 1 :(得分:3)
对于所涉及的两个shell,给出的示例将假定一个显式设置的argv列表:
# this sets $1 to "first entry", $2 to "second entry", etc
$ set -- "first entry" "second entry" "third entry"
在两个shell中,declare -p
可用于以明确的形式发出变量名的值,但它们如何表示该表单可能会有所不同。
bash中的扩展规则通常与ksh兼容,并且在适用的情况下与POSIX sh语义兼容。与这些shell兼容要求不带引号的扩展执行字符串拆分和glob扩展(例如,用当前目录中的文件列表替换*
)。
在变量赋值中使用括号使其成为一个数组。比较这三个任务:
# this sets arr_str="first entry second entry third entry"
$ arr_str=$@
$ declare -p arr_str
declare -- arr="first entry second entry third entry"
# this sets arr=( first entry second entry third entry )
$ arr=( $@ )
declare -a arr='([0]="first" [1]="entry" [2]="second" [3]="entry" [4]="third" [5]="entry")'
# this sets arr=( "first entry" "second entry" "third entry" )
$ arr=( "$@" )
$ declare -p arr
declare -a arr='([0]="first entry" [1]="second entry" [2]="third entry")'
同样,在扩展时,引号和符号很重要:
# quoted expansion, first item only
$ printf '%s\n' "$arr"
first entry
# unquoted expansion, first item only: that item is string-split into two separate args
$ printf '%s\n' $arr
first
entry
# unquoted expansion, all items: each word expanded into its own argument
$ printf '%s\n' ${arr[@]}
first
entry
second
entry
third
entry
# quoted expansion, all items: original arguments all preserved
$ printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}"
first entry
second entry
third entry
zsh在尝试做用户意味着什么,而不是与历史shell(ksh,POSIX sh等)的兼容方面做了大量的魔术。然而,即使在那里,做错事也可能产生你想要的结果:
# Assigning an array to a string still flattens it in zsh
$ arr_str=$@
$ declare -p arr_str
typeset arr_str='first entry second entry third entry'
# ...but quotes aren't needed to keep arguments together on array assignments.
$ arr=( $@ )
$ declare -p arr
typeset -a arr
arr=('first entry' 'second entry' 'third entry')
# in zsh, expanding an array always expands to all entries
$ printf '%s\n' $arr
first entry
second entry
third entry
# ...and unquoted string expansion doesn't do string-splitting by default:
$ printf '%s\n' $arr_str
first entry second entry third entry