定位：
我创建了以下函数，允许用户将乌龟更改为他/她选择的图像，然后在任何时候将其标记到画布上：
def TurtleShape():
try:
# Tkinter buttons related to turtle manipulation
manipulateimage.config(state = NORMAL)
flipButton.config(state = NORMAL)
mirrorButton.config(state = NORMAL)
originalButton.config(state = NORMAL)
resetturtle.config(state = NORMAL)
rotateButton.config(state = NORMAL)
# Ask user for file name from tkinter file dialog, and return file name as `klob`
global klob
klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
global im
# Open `klob` and return as `im`
im = Image.open(klob)
# Append `im` to pictures deque
pictures.append(im)
# Clear `edited` deque
edited.clear()
# Save `im` as an image, then register image as shape, and finally set image as turtle shape
im.save(klob + '.gif', "GIF")
register_shape(klob + '.gif')
shape(klob + '.gif')
update()
except:
# If user selects cancel in file dialog, then pass
pass
def StampPic():
stamp()
draw_space() # Go forward 100 pixels with pen up after every stamp
update()
图像也可以通过这些其他功能进行操作：
调整大小功能 - 此功能可用作第一个或第二个功能。首先意味着它最初被调用，而次要意味着它编辑已编辑的图像。因此，如果仅首先调用此函数，则此函数将附加到pictures双端队列的图像，调整大小，并将编辑后的图像输出为.gif图像，这将是乌龟的新形状。但是，如果连续两次或更多次调用，由于多次调整同一图片大小会导致图像失真的问题，我不得不创建另一个deque jiop来保存pictures中的原始项目{1}} deque，并且每当连续调用此函数时，每次都会调整原始图像的大小，而不是每次都调整相同的图像。但是，如果仅作为辅助函数调用，则该函数将简单地从edited双端队列中获取当前图像，调整该图像的大小，然后将其设置为乌龟的新形状：
def TurtleImageResize():
if not hasattr(TurtleImageResize, "counter"):
TurtleImageResize.counter = 0
TurtleImageResize.counter += 1
# width = original size of image
width = im.size[0]
# height = original height of image
height = im.size[1]
# Allow user to enter new width for image
NewOne2 = numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval = 1)
# Allow user to enter new height for image
NewOne = numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval = 1)
# Set width to user input if user input is NOT nothing. Otherwise, use `width` as picture width.
Picwidth = NewOne2 if NewOne2 != None else width
# Set height to user input if user input is NOT None. Otherwise, use `height` as picture height.
Picheight = NewOne if NewOne != None else height
try:
# Secondary Step: Take ORIGINAL image appended to `jiop` (from `except:` code block succeeding `try:` code block) and resize THAT image each time this function is called twice in a row. Otherwise, if ONLY called as a secondary step, take previously edited image from `edited` deque, resize that, and append newly edited image to the `edited` deque.
try:
# `jiop` is a deque
hye = jiop.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
print("Jiop")
except:
hye = edited.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
print("Edited")
# Resize Image to Picwidth and Picheight
editpic = hye.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
edited.append(editpic)
print("Hooplah!")
except:
# Intial step: Take image appended to `pictures` deque from `TurtleShape` function, then edit that and append newly edited image to both `editpic` and `pictures`
geer = pictures.pop()
# Resize Image to Picwidth and Picheight
editpic = geer.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
jiop.append(geer)
edited.append(editpic)
pictures.append(editpic)
print("Normal")
# Save image as `.gif`
editpic.save(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif', 'GIF')
# Register image as a shape, and use it as shape of turtle
register_shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
update()
翻转，旋转和镜像功能 - 这些功能比上面的调整大小功能更简单。如果最初调用，他们每个人都会从pictures deque中获取图像，操纵它，将编辑后的图像附加到edited双端队列，然后更改龟＆＃34;形状＆＃34;到那个新形象。但是，如果调用第二个，它们每个都会从edited deque中获取图像，操纵它，将操纵的图像重新附加回edited双端队列，然后将其设置为龟。新的＆＃34;形状＆＃34;。这些功能如下所示：
def flippic():
if not hasattr(flippic, "counter"):
flippic.counter = 0
flippic.counter += 1
try:
# Secondary step: Take previously edited image from `edited` deque, manipulate that, and append newly edited image to the `edited` deque
jiop.clear()
ghy = edited.pop()
# Flip image over horizontal line
kpl = ImageOps.flip(ghy)
edited.append(kpl)
print("Jlop")
except:
# Initial step: Take image appended to `pictures` deque from `TurtleShape` function, then edit that and append newly edited image to both `editpic` and `pictures`
neer = pictures.pop()
# Flip image over horizontal line
kpl = ImageOps.flip(neer)
pictures.append(kpl)
edited.append(kpl)
print("Yup")
# Save image as `.gif`
kpl.save(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif', "GIF")
# Register image as a shape, and use it as shape of turtle
register_shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
update()
def mirror():
if not hasattr(mirror, "counter"):
mirror.counter = 0
mirror.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
jui = edited.pop()
# Flip image over vertical line
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(jui)
edited.append(fgrt)
except:
bbc = pictures.pop()
# Flip image over vertical line
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(bbc)
pictures.append(fgrt)
edited.append(fgrt)
fgrt.save(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
update()
def rotatePic():
if not hasattr(rotatePic, "counter"):
rotatePic.counter = 0
rotatePic.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
lmcb = edited.pop()
# Rotate image 90º right
fetch = lmcb.rotate(-90, expand = True)
edited.append(fetch)
except:
bolt = pictures.pop()
# Rotate image 90º right
fetch = bolt.rotate(-90, expand = True)
pictures.append(fetch)
edited.append(fetch)
fetch.save(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
update()
这样，所有编辑功能在基本相同的基本图像上一起工作。
问题：
现在，考虑用户想要拍摄乌龟图像，然后将其调整为大小，例如800x400，并将其标记到画布上的特定位置。之后，用户决定将乌龟图像移动到画布上的另一个位置，翻转图像，然后在那里标记图像。现在应该有两张图片吧？一个盖章，另一个翻转？但是，根据我的程序，出于某种原因，并非如此。相反，当用户翻转乌龟图像时，标记的图像消失，即使在任何地方都找不到clear()功能（告诉你我的意思，请参考编辑以下）。 显然此问题仅在调用TurtleImageResize函数后发生。
导致此问题的TurtleImageResize功能出了什么问题？我已经彻底改变了龟形状的图像管理流程，希望现在能够实现这一目标它将解决我在以前的设置中遇到的这个问题，但显然，情况并非如此。因此，非常感谢任何有关此问题的帮助！
编辑：以下是最小，完整且可验证的方式来重现我遇到的问题 （必须有PIL（或Pillow）并安装GhostScript以使其正常工作） ：
import os,shutil,subprocess, sys
her = sys.platform
if her == "win32":
print("Windows is your Operating System")
win_gs = ["gs","gswin32c","gswin64c"]
if all( shutil.which(gs_version) is None for gs_version in win_gs ):
paths = ["C:\\Program Files\\gs\\gs9.18\\bin","C:\\Program Files (x86)\\gs\\gs9.18\\bin"]
for path in (x for x in paths if os.path.exists(x)):
os.environ["PATH"] += ";" + path
break
if any( shutil.which(gs_version) for gs_version in win_gs ):
print("GhostScript 9.18 for Windows found and utilized")
else:
print("You do not have GhostScript 9.18 installed for Windows. Please install it.")
sys.exit(0)
else:
print("GhostScript 9.18 for Windows found and utilized")
elif her == 'darwin':
print("Macintosh is your Operating System")
if shutil.which("gs") is None:
os.environ["PATH"] += ":/usr/local/bin"
if shutil.which("gs") is None:
print("You do not have GhostScript installed for Macintosh. Please install it.")
sys.exit(0)
else:
print("GhostScript for Macintosh found and utilized")
from turtle import *
from tkinter import *
try:
import tkinter.filedialog as filedialog
except ImportError:
pass
import collections
from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance, ImageOps
jiop = collections.deque()
pictures = collections.deque()
edited = collections.deque()
picwidth = collections.deque()
picheight = collections.deque()
def draw_space():
# Draw a space 200 pixels wide.
penup()
forward(200)
pendown()
def TurtleShape():
try:
manipulateimage.config(state = NORMAL)
flipButton.config(state = NORMAL)
mirrorButton.config(state = NORMAL)
rotateButton.config(state = NORMAL)
global klob
klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
global im
im = Image.open(klob)
pictures.append(im)
edited.clear()
im.save(klob + '.gif', "GIF")
register_shape(klob + '.gif')
shape(klob + '.gif')
update()
except AttributeError:
pass
def TurtleImageResize():
if not hasattr(TurtleImageResize, "counter"):
TurtleImageResize.counter = 0
TurtleImageResize.counter += 1
width = im.size[0]
height = im.size[1]
NewOne2 = numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval = 1)
NewOne = numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval = 1)
Picwidth = NewOne2 if NewOne2 != None else width
picwidth.append(Picwidth)
Picheight = NewOne if NewOne != None else height
picheight.append(Picheight)
try:
try:
hye = jiop.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
except:
hye = edited.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
editpic = hye.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
edited.append(editpic)
pictures.append(editpic)
except:
geer = pictures.pop()
editpic = geer.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
jiop.append(geer)
edited.append(editpic)
pictures.append(editpic)
editpic.save(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif', 'GIF')
register_shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
update()
def flippic():
if not hasattr(flippic, "counter"):
flippic.counter = 0
flippic.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
ghy = edited.pop()
kpl = ImageOps.flip(ghy)
edited.append(kpl)
pictures.append(kpl)
print("Jlop")
except:
neer = pictures.pop()
kpl = ImageOps.flip(neer)
pictures.append(kpl)
edited.append(kpl)
print("Yup")
kpl.save(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif', "GIF")
register_shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
update()
def mirror():
if not hasattr(mirror, "counter"):
mirror.counter = 0
mirror.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
jui = edited.pop()
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(jui)
edited.append(fgrt)
pictures.append(fgrt)
except:
bbc = pictures.pop()
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(bbc)
pictures.append(fgrt)
edited.append(fgrt)
fgrt.save(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
update()
def rotatePic():
if not hasattr(rotatePic, "counter"):
rotatePic.counter = 0
rotatePic.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
lmcb = edited.pop()
fetch = lmcb.rotate(-90, expand = True)
edited.append(fetch)
pictures.append(fetch)
except:
bolt = pictures.pop()
fetch = bolt.rotate(-90, expand = True)
pictures.append(fetch)
edited.append(fetch)
fetch.save(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
update()
def StampPic():
stamp()
draw_space()
update()
def move_turtle():
# Pick up the turtle and move it to its starting location.
penup()
goto(-200, 100)
pendown()
def settings():
# Tkinter buttons
turtlepic = Button(text = "Set Turtle Image", command = TurtleShape)
turtlepic.pack(side = 'left')
stampimage = Button(text = "Stamp", command = StampPic)
stampimage.pack(side = 'left')
global manipulateimage
manipulateimage = Button(text = "Resize Turtle Image", command = TurtleImageResize, state = DISABLED)
manipulateimage.pack(side = 'left')
global flipButton
flipButton = Button(text = "Flip image", command = flippic, state = DISABLED)
flipButton.pack(side = 'left')
global mirrorButton
mirrorButton = Button(text = "Mirror Image", command = mirror, state = DISABLED)
mirrorButton.pack(side = 'left')
global rotateButton
rotateButton = Button(text = "Rotate Image", command = rotatePic, state = DISABLED)
rotateButton.pack(side = 'left')
def skip(x, y):
penup()
goto(x, y)
pendown()
update()
move_turtle()
settings()
speed(0)
tracer(0, 0)
onscreenclick(skip)
if sys.platform == 'win32':
input()
else:
pass
如果/如果您的系统上同时安装了GhostScript和PIL（或Pillow），要重现我的问题，请执行以下操作（所有步骤必需 除< / em>步骤＃4）：
单击窗口底部的Set Turtle Image按钮，选择您想要乌龟的任何图像，然后按Open。乌龟被设置为该图像。
按下屏幕底部的Resize turtle Image按钮，将图像尺寸调整为800x400（或任何其他尺寸）。将连续弹出两个对话框。在第一个对话框中输入宽度800（或您自己的宽度），然后在第二个对话框中输入高度400（或您自己的高度），完成后，图像将根据提供的尺寸更改大小（或者根据您是否按下取消将图像设置回原始尺寸。
选择窗口底部的Stamp按钮。图像被印在画布上，乌龟向前移动400像素＆＃34;后面＆＃34;加盖印花的图片。
可选：点击画布上的任意位置将乌龟带到那个位置。
翻转/镜像/旋转图像。
正如您所看到的，完成所有这些操作后，就像您翻转/镜像/旋转图像一样，标记的图像只是消失。 导致此问题发生的TurtleImageResize功能有什么问题？
编辑＃2：为了防止这些信息有用，我在操作系统版本为10.11.2（El Capitan）的Macintosh上运行Python 3.5.1。
答案 0 :(得分：4)
问题似乎是通过为不同的功能设置单独的计数器，您将覆盖先前操作创建的文件。我们假设您有一张名为test.gif的图片并应用翻转转换。结果将保存为test.gif1.gif。如果您现在应用旋转变换，旋转的图片也会保存为test.gif1.gif，覆盖现有文件，之前的图片会消失。
因此，修复此错误的一种方法是对所有图片使用单个计数器，而不是每个函数使用一个，例如使用itertools.count或int。这也会使你的代码更短一些。
但是，我还想指出一些问题：
except:尽可能多，except: pass;通过这种方式你永远不会知道发生了什么事情出错queue是什么意思;如果你将所有图片放入一个队列，或者根本没有队列（只是将它们保存在磁盘上），代码也能正常工作;但也许你需要那些不属于你的示例代码的东西这是我的代码版本：
import turtle
import tkinter
import tkinter.filedialog as filedialog
import itertools
from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance, ImageOps
count = itertools.count()
img = None
def turtleShape():
global img
klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
img = Image.open(klob)
saveAndUpdate(img)
def turtleImageResize():
def resize(img):
picwidth = turtle.numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval=1) or img.size[0]
picheight = turtle.numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval=1) or img.size[1]
return img.resize((int(picwidth), int(picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
manipulate(resize)
def manipulate(function):
global img
if img:
img = function(img)
saveAndUpdate(img)
else:
print("No picture selected")
def flippic():
manipulate(ImageOps.flip)
def mirror():
manipulate(ImageOps.mirror)
def rotatePic():
manipulate(lambda img: img.rotate(-90, expand=True))
def saveAndUpdate(img):
name = "pic_" + str(next(count)) + ".gif"
img.save(name, 'GIF')
turtle.register_shape(name)
turtle.shape(name)
turtle.update()
def stampPic():
turtle.stamp()
turtle.penup()
turtle.forward(200)
turtle.pendown()
def settings():
tkinter.Button(text="Set Turtle Image", command=turtleShape).pack(side='left')
tkinter.Button(text="Stamp", command=stampPic).pack(side = 'left')
tkinter.Button(text="Resize Turtle Image", command=turtleImageResize).pack(side='left')
tkinter.Button(text="Flip image", command=flippic).pack(side='left')
tkinter.Button(text="Mirror Image", command=mirror).pack(side='left')
tkinter.Button(text="Rotate Image", command=rotatePic).pack(side='left')
def skip(x, y):
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(x, y)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.update()
skip(-200, 100)
settings()
turtle.speed(0)
turtle.tracer(0, 0)
turtle.onscreenclick(skip)
turtle.mainloop()